Tips on Saving a Dollar

Along with high gas prices, groceries are going up too. Delivery costs and fuel prices forces companies to charge higher prices to the consumer to cover costs. Utility bills are another issue. Utility companies increase rates and mostly in the summer and winter months when power is being used most. Saving money can always help, and these tips will teach a person the right way. Everyday gas prices seem to get higher and higher. Americans complain about these prices. Many tips on conserving fuel and saving money while doing It are everywhere.Just by filling up the gas tank on a Wednesday night or early Thursday none can save up to five dollars a week. Most station owners change their prices In anticipation of the weekend traffic. A simple but often overlooked tip is to keep the tires properly inflated and aligned. Driving slower and smarter can save up to twenty five cents a gallon. For every five miles per hour that some drives over sixty miles per hour it costs an additional twenty-f our cents a mile, so driving seventy miles per an hour will cast fifty more cents a gallon.Saving on groceries can help consumers more than they think. The coupling craze has swept the nation. Thousands of consumers are now using coupons. Serious coupon users can save hundreds in Just one visit. People who buy in bulk often save money because larger Items tend to have smaller unit prices over smaller sized products. Buying the generic brand, which Is usually twice the size of name brand and tastes Just as good can cut grocery bills In half. Try to avoid buying pre made lunches or food items will cost more than buying the ingredients to make the product ourselves. Utility company's rates keep climbing each year. Just turning a light out when walking out of the room can drop that utility bill drastically. Insuring that the house is strongly insulated in the attic and walls a will save a quarter of the bill. Control air conditioning at a happy medium; do not change the temperature more than twice a week, can save up to fifty dollars a month. Consumers can install low-flow shower heads to save on water usage. Most Americans need to change from incandescent eight bulbs to fluorescent light bulbs which last longer and use less power.Americans can save money to make the purchases they really want. Following these tips can save thousands each year. Saving on gas each year can keep $3,300 In your pocket. Avoid buying name brand foods; these name brands companies often manufacture the store brand at a cheaper price and can possibly save $1 , 100 a year. Can save up to $500 a year. Now that is an average saving of $4,900 a year, a well needed vacation is due after saving that much money!

Paper on Carl Sagan’s “Cosmos”

There is a bed in Seattle which is nestled in North America on the spinning Earth led by the Sun around the Milky Way, a speck of cosmic dust floating in the Universe. On this bed Carl Sagan died of an obscure disease for which there is no cure. Carl Sagan is a celebrated writer and astronomer, but most remembered for his writings. Like Galileo he brought the beauty of science to the people. He is the writer of ‘Cosmos', an award winning television mini-series that brought the wonders of astronomy into the home. His last and final work was a collection of his essays; Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death on the Brink of the Millennium. . Sagan wrote with a sense of awe, humility and reverence of nature. This book is an expression of Sagan's passions for the things around. The book is so varied in topic that it is difficult at times to find a unifying factor. Nor does the book reach any sort of conclusion as to the direction of man and things around him. In this we can understand the true sadness of Sagan's death, he was a child who was overwhelmed by the beauty of the universe around him and had not the time needed to express all of it in words. The book is split into three parts; â€Å"The Power and Beauty of Quantification†, â€Å"What are the Conservatives Conserving? † and â€Å"Where Hearts and Minds Collide†. In the first section Sagan begins by teaches the reader about large numbers and what innovations in the past allowed us to use them. Sagan moves slowly and tactfully building the readers understanding of these basic concepts of large numbers and exponents, then applies them to such problems as exponential growth of populations, radioactive decay and nuclear chain reactions. . He exposes scientific concepts like a traditional narrative. Building ‘the story' to the questions he would most like answered concerning the nature of the universe and extraterrestrial (intelligent or otherwise) life. There is only a slight deviation coherence of this section where Sagan-or the editors- decide to delve into the nature of man's war instinct and whether or not it is good to suppress it or nurture it. Sagan feels that thousands of years of a hunter/gatherer society will not be offset by relatively few years of a sedentary existence. Despite this Sagan maintains an optimistic outlook on humanities destiny, a trend that runs the course of the book. Overall this section is fairly light and enjoyable to read, the concepts early in the section will not overwhelm the reader. Upon finishing the section one is left with a sense of satisfaction, not the confusion associated by the jargon riddled books that plague this genre. In our day, that is today, there are more scientists than there ever was in the past. Tomorrow will bring more still. Scientists by nature are disruptive creatures, there favourite pastime is pacing in back and forth in their laboratories creating theories as to how the clockwork of the universe ticks. Others scientists spend their time trying to disprove each others theories. In doing so changing the nature the universe-there could be nothing more disruptive than that. What then do we do when two scientists, or, two separate herds of them disagree on a theory. We could have them strap on safety goggles, have them butt heads like mountain goats, last scientist standing is correct. Though this sounds amusing, in some circumstances it is not any better than some of systems that exists to test the validity of a theory. A theory by definition can never be proven or become fact, except for mathematical ones. The Scientific method requires of us to perform tedious experiments and to keep concise observations as a means of strengthening a theory This is the inherent problem. If two contradicting theories are both sound then which one do we accept, and to compound the problem; what if the theories were predicting if life on this planet would end in the next year, decade or century. Choosing one over the other now becomes very personal, and scientists might try to resolve their problems with attacks on each others character, each will accuse the other of scare-mongering or being too conservative. This only breeds paranoia and hate for science in the minds of the public. The issues are ozone levels, greenhouse gases, fish stocks and whatever is being leached into your backyard. Sagan address' this issue in the second part of his book. This by far being the strongest and most important part because it affects the each life on our planet. It is interesting that Sagan in his final chapter of this part â€Å"Religion and Science: An Alliance† that Sagan comes to the conclusion that Science and Religion can together work through this problem; Science being the antithesis of Religion, but both-for now- are committed to helping humanity prevail. The third and final part is mixed bag of topics from Americas cold war with Russia, America war with itself, a new view on abortion, morality and Sagan's top three advances in twentieth century existence. Each essay only begins to discuss topics of enormous depth. Sagan in the style that is prevalent throughout the book keeps them all very readable and thought provoking. The essays define so well aspects of the Twentieth century that one gets the feeling that some of them will find their way into the anthologies of the future. In many ways this book is loosely held together. Individual parts hold some unity but the book as a whole does not. This may be because the book was published after Sagans death, lack of matieral or and editors blunder. This should not detract the reader from the importance of this book. In 1994 I spent one month in the country of my ancestors, India. Immediatley I marveled at the advancements in my rural village in the period between a prior visit. Televisions had become widespread, satellites were attached to a quarter of the homes and telephones were now as common as curry. Night fell on my humble village. The nights are pitch black, there are no lamps to illuminate the streets. A problem quickly arises; if you don't know every back alley, every tiny claustrophobic cobble stone street, every pseudo-dead end path (paths that seem to dead ends but if you walk through a Hobbit hole like door, you emerge on to another tiny cobblestone street), you are quickly lost. On top of all of this, the streets are roamed by stray dogs. Attempting to walk across the village, as I did without a flashlight(they attract bandits) is daunting; frightening on the most primitive of levels. To my relief I have learned that since my visit street lamps have been installed in heavily traveled areas. As a western observer I overlooked the technological necessity of my village. By ‘my village' I mean then millions of rural villages in the dozens of countries around the world. All the gadgets that these villages will acquire will not make up for the basic security that a simple low pressure sodium street lamp will provide. These small centers will have to be built up from the ground up with their specific needs in mind. Sadly this has been overlooked by the western ‘guardians' of civilization, the dozens of failed hydroelectric, infrastructure and aid projects are a testament to that. Another sad fact is that our Eastern brothers are fed some of same 500 channel universes that are numbing western man's mind. All the eastern man receives is the ugly consumerism that is the foundation of western man's existence. The need is in education. As the technological need for both these men is distinct so too is their need of education. The western nations feel that democracy is what all nations must have to be fair and right and just and pious. Western man takes a zealous position and feels that democracy should not be strived for but imposed. Overlooking the fact that a successful democracy requires a certain level of education by its people. An education that eastern man does not have. They only man who gains is the western man because he has his thumb firmly over the squirming eastern man's head. Conversely, as the west becomes changed by technology it too will need a new kind of education. Not a kind of education that is provided in the halls of higher education but a kind for the average man. The need for this education is to remedy the phenomenon of scientific myth. Scientific myths are the conceptions that a mass population has as to the limits and powers of science. These myths are most expressed in the realms of pseudo science, advertisements, media and most importantly industry. As I write there is a debate over whether or not genetically altered food is safe or not. Both sides are armed with their infantry of experts and spin doctors. Whether there is real danger in the food is almost not a question anymore, rather this issue is that of public relations. The con side could easily win by playing to the fears of the public, by painting a picture of a Jurassic Garden, where asparagus is more deadly than killer bees. It does not matter which theory is right, the public will not be accepting when it is afraid, no amount of RNA, DNA,G,A,T,C,X Y and Zed will change that. This is where people like Carl Sagan fit in. The power of his writing is its ability to teach the average man of the wonders around him in and easy to understand, non-confrontational manner. From this education we will learn to be critical of science and not shun it. The real progress for both western and eastern man will happen on a personal level and education is its vehicle. We do not judge the progress of a society by measuring the height of their buildings, the strength of their telescopes or grace of their athletes. We measure progress by looking at the individual.

HISTORY - choose 1 of the questions to answer Essay - 2

HISTORY - choose 1 of the questions to answer - Essay Example It will also talk about whether the United States planned to expand its territories to Mexico during the expansionist sprit of the aged. The Mexican war, according to Hietala (p1), was an imperialistic venture by the United States. Both Mexico and the United States overestimated their affairs in 1846. Contemptuous of Mexicos administration and defense force, Polk and his consultants tried to overawe Mexican officials into surrendering California along with other provinces to the U.S. to pay outstanding debts owed to United States citizens. Mexico, for its part, went wrong in assessing its northern neighbors capability of raising and equipping a successful military (Ganguly 1). During that time, the United States and other European superpowers were seeking to build a name for themselves and their respective nations. Mexican leaders, in addition, miscalculated their country’s capability of rallying the army, the church, and the people to resist the invaders. Mexican leaders, still stung by the loss of Texas, vowed to resist further dismemberment by the United States (Hietala 1). However, in their endeavor to ave nge a previous trounce, they lost New Mexico and California. Some scholars argue that Polk intentionally goaded Mexico into war. Even though, he acted provocatively, he, in fact, hoped to realize his objectives without war (Hietala 1). The United States, on the other hand, wanted to gain control of its terrain, so they sought to capture the California and New Mexico. The bloodshed, during that time, signified failure, not success, in Polk’s strategy. Polk used the army to gain land, a move that provoked the United States. The United States had an imperialistic need, which made them buy Louisiana from Napoleon (Hietala 1). That was only the beginning. After that, they bought Virginia and then Florida. The Adams-Onis treaty is what triggered America’s greed in wanting to expand their territories. In the Oregon

Circuits with Feedback Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Circuits with Feedback - Assignment Example Derivation of Feedback Equation for Inverting Amplifier Let we consider an inverting amplifier as shown in fig. 2. Then if ‘A, is the gain then, as vi+ = 0, there fore vo = A(vin+ – vin ¯) vo = - A vin ¯ Also from Ohm’s Law the current is simply the difference in the voltage across R1 divided R1, i1 = (vin+ – vin ¯)/R1 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(5) Similarly, if = ( vi ¯ – vo)/Rf †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(6) By Kerchief’s current Law at the inverting input, i1 = if + i ¯ where i ¯ is the current entering the amplifier at it’s inverting point, yet for an idea amplifier it reaches to zero hence, i1 = if †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (7) Substituting the values from equations (5) and (6) we have, (vin+ – vin ¯)/R1= (vi ¯ – vo)/Rf †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (8) Or vin+/R1 – vin ¯/R1= vi ¯/Rf – vo/Rf Solving for , = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (9) This is the required voltage gain expression for inverting amplifier with feedback in terms of open loop gain. Problem 2: Each of the amplifiers shown below incorporate series feedback. The gains, input resistances and output resistances are quoted without feedback. For each amplifier determine: - a) The feedback fraction. b) The gain with feedback. c) The input impedance with feedback. d) The output impedance with feedback. Solution: (i) a) If we consider the given cct. then for feedback fraction ‘Î ², for given cct. is defined as, ... terms of open-loop gain A. Derivation of Feedback Equation for Inverting Amplifier Let we consider an inverting amplifier as shown in fig. 2 (Bogart, 1997, p. 670). Then if 'A, is the gain then, as vi+ = 0, there fore vo = A(vin+ - vin) vo = - A vin Fig. 2(a) Also from Ohm's Law the current is simply the difference in the voltage across R1 divided R1, i1 = (vin+ - vin)/R1 (5) Similarly, if = ( vi - vo)/Rf (6) By Kerchief's current Law at the inverting input, i1 = if + i where i is the current entering the amplifier at it's inverting point, yet for an idea amplifier it reaches to zero hence, i1 = if (7) Substituting the values from equations (5) and (6) we have, (vin+ - vin)/R1= (vi - vo)/Rf (8) Or vin+/R1 - vin/R1= vi/Rf - vo/Rf Solving for , = (9) This is the required voltage gain expression for inverting amplifier with feedback in terms of open loop gain. Problem 2: Each of the amplifiers shown below incorporate series feedback. The gains, input resistances and output resistances are quoted without feedback. For each amplifier determine: - a) The feedback fraction. b) The gain with feedback. c) The input impedance with feedback. d) The output impedance with feedback. Solution: (i) a) If we consider the given cct. then for feedback fraction ', for given cct. is defined as, = (2ia) Substituting the values in equation (2ia) from given cct. we have, == 0.175 2ia Fig. (2i) (2ib) If 'Avf, be the gain

Accounting, Society and Enviroment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Accounting, Society and Enviroment - Essay Example In 2006 the Financial Reporting Review Panel extended the requirement of the annual reports to constitute of the review from the director’s of the companies (FRC, 2008). Companies which qualify as small companies are not required to publish annual reviews (PLC, 2013; KPMG, 2006) and medium sized companies are not required to publish their environmental and social policies in their annual reviews as an obligation (KPMG, 2013). For quoted companies it is required that the review in addition with a fair review of the business and major risk faced by the company; the company should also publish its environmental policy, the social policy; employee issues and also to what extent these policies were effective (PLC, 2013; KPMG, 2006; CR, 2012). Taylor Wimpey Plc is a quoted company and is registered with the London Stock Exchange; thus it is required to publish an annual report encompassing a business review, the performance and development of its business mentioning the Key Performa nce Indicators and also the environmental and social policies and the effect they generate on the society and environment. Ethical Policy of Taylor Wimpey Plc The company’s ethical policy is addressed as either corporate culture, corporate responsibility or under peoples and culture. The company highlights the high ethical standards it has set for its business and employees in the form of an ethical corporate culture (TWCSR, 2009; TWCSR, 2010; TWCSR, 2011). Although the company has a clear ethical policy which is implemented in all of its organizations (TWPLC, 2007), yet the policy does not get a clear and open mention in the reviews of the company. The ethical structure of the company is only described in term of qualitative data, no disclosure policy is followed. Neglect can be seen in terms of describing the clear ethical policy of the company and the implications it has had. The corporate responsibility of the company is clearly explained in the review as well as the annu al reports; as the corporate responsibility of the company is in part comprised of the ethical policy of Taylor Wimpey plc (TWP, 2007). Corporate responsibility management also finds the ethical policy of the company addressed in the form of the primary stakeholder’s interests and stakeholder engagement (TWP, 2009). Chairman Kevin Beeston in his review is also found focusing of the ethics in the form corporate responsibility (TWP, 2011). The Value Cycle focuses on the ethical policy in the form of care for customers (TWCSR, 2009; TWCSR, 2010; TWCSR, 2011). Non-Financial disclosures like the ethical policy of the company can help a company reflect upon its culture and enable investors making decisions based on the information that the company voluntarily discloses (Binh, 2012; Singhvi & Desai, 1971). Diversity and Anti-Corruption policy is mentioned as part of the corporate governance structure of the company (TWP, 2011). More focus and clarity is required on the ethical respo nsibility; as it helps in building the trust of the company and provide the company with a competitive edge over other companies (KMPG ‘Beyond the numbers’, 2000). Social Policy of Taylor Wimpey Plc Like a balanced sheet fails to relay the complete value that a company has; the Key performance indicators for financial performance alone do not suffice for the risks and opportunities that lay ahead f any company; companies by joining their benefit with that of the society at large have come to change the way business success is perceived (KMPG ‘Beyond the numbers’, 2000). The annual reports and the business reviews of the Taylor Wimpey Plc use two Key performance indicators to determine their impact on society (TWCSR, 2009; TWCSR, 2010; TWCSR, 2011). The two key performance ind

CONTRACT LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

CONTRACT LAW - Essay Example Promissory estoppel is important in the sense that it can be used as a defense by a party to prevent another from turning back from the concession he or she has given and enforce his or her rights against the recipient of the concession. In order for promissory estoppel to arise, there must be a clear and unequivocal representation made by the parties that a right will not be enforced against the other. According to the court in the case of Woodhouse Israel Cocoa v Nigerian Produce Marketing Company2, there is a need for the party or the parties making the concession to inform the other party or parties regarding the concession made. The parties must clearly state the rights being waived or the favors which are extended to the other parties to create a clear representation. In other words, the concession made must be clearly communicated and understood by both parties otherwise said concession may not be considered as validly made. As decided by the court in the case of Baird Textiles holdings ltd V Marks & spencer plc3, where the concession made is ambivalent and insufficient to establish a clear representation, the party or parties to whom the concession was made may not use the doctrine of promissory estoppel as a defense. Is there a need to make an express concession to in order for the parties to make use of the doctrine of promissory estoppel? Apparently, the court does not require an express concession from the parties but rather it only requires that the concession must be unequivocal and sufficiently clear to be understood by the parties. According to the decision of the court in the case of Hughes V Metropolitan Railway Co.4, an implied representation can be a ground for promissory estoppel. Thus, if the acts of one party impliedly tell the other party that it is granting a favor to the other and the party who had been impliedly

Community profile report Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Community profile report - Literature review Example It has also been defined as â€Å"a comprehensive description of the needs of a population ...and the resources that exist within that community, carried out with the active involvement of the community itself...."(Hawtin and Percy-Smith, 2007 cited in Teater & Baldwin, 2009). According to CIA (2008) a community profile is a summary of the history, present conditions, and anticipated future of an area. Community profiles can also contain data about crime, transport, health status and community service available. Through information about attitudes, perceptions of community cultural and historical character, it is also possible to determine the strengths, current issues, barriers, or changes in the profile (Love, Boxelaar, O’Donnell & Francis, 2007). Neighbourhood is the vicinity in which people live; it is the immediate social and physical environment in which people dwell (Berk, 2002). It also describes a socially distinguished area depending on residents’ perception. In the neighbourhood people interact for utility such as grocery stores, schools recreational parks, medical clinics (Lebel, Pampalon & Villeneuve, 2007). They also support or provide mutual aid in addition to interacting for pure socialization, thereby creating bond between individuals. Neighbourhood is the space in which people move around carrying on with their social and economic activities. This built environment contributes to one’s identity. Neighbourhood gradually becomes a reflection of one’s self, one’s values and aspirations and of the socioeconomic conditions. Only one percent of the total population was aged over 85 years but 18.3% of the population was claiming some form of benefit which is above the city-wide figure of 17.3 percent (Public Health Plymouth, 2013). The claimants for jobseekers allowance (4.7%) was also above the city-wide figure of 3.8 percent. In addition, the mortality rate is higher and life expectancy

Social Impact of Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Impact of Technology - Research Paper Example As one of the issues of technology, this study will generally focus on electronic media and its impact to the society. Electronic media is generally media that uses electromechanical energy or electronics for the target audience to access the information. As a technological issue of development in the present world, electronic media has various familiar sources, which are general to the public. Some of the common sources of electronic media include video recordings, multimedia presentations and audio recordings. Electronic media as a technological issue first rose into prominence in late 1870’s and has been changing with the advances in technology. Technological revolution, which occurred in late 1880s, played a big role in revolutionizing mass media and in this context electronic media. Moving to electronic media during the 20th century generally ensured that communication would be ubiquitous and faster. On the other hand, electronic media as a technological form remains part of an evolutionary progression. The introduction of electronic media in the society was welcomed across the globe. This was a major step technologically and, therefore, meant the society was changing in terms of how it looks on things. It also meant there were improvements in terms of the existing technological advances already in place. Electronic media was developed for entertainment purposes. Alternatively, electronic media was developed for social betterment and an easier communication aspect in the society. The emergence of global societies has also played a key for the development of technology. The emergence of these societies necessitated the need to connect people and the creation of global communities. Long before, any form of technology across the globe. During this period, human life was restricted because of technology applications unavailability. Human beings never got to enjoy luxurious life as that of the modern societies (Schmeikal, 45).

Fiedler and Garcias Cognitive Resource Theory Essay

Fiedler and Garcia - Essay Example The theory predicts that uncertainty and stress are the two factors, which worry a leader. Fiedler connects this to his Least Preferred Co-worker Theory (LPC theory) where a high LPC leader will be more likely to give high scores to the people he has worked with earlier while a low LPC leader will be more inclined to assign low scores for the same. When the control of a leader over a situation and his LPC score are in tune with each other, good performance of leadership will result. Again, when a low LPC score leader is in a situation of moderate control and high LPC leaders are in situations of high control or low control, the LPC and situational control are not in line with each other. The transition from his â€Å"in match† condition to the not â€Å"in match† condition will bring about stress and worries in the leader owing to a â€Å"perceived inability to deal with situations of this nature† (Miner, 2005, p.250). When a particular circumstance causes anxiety in the leader he tries to gain confidence from his â€Å"previous successful reinforced behavioral patterns†. On one hand, the effective level finds this behavior has dealt with earlier cases of dealing with interpersonal issues while on the other hand, the cognitive level finds that such behaviors show what one learned from experience. The efficacy of the behavior of the leader is conditioned by the matching of the situations’ demands and the leader’s response to the same. Thus the model works under two assumptions. First, managers let their subordinates know their plans via directive behavior and second, leaders with greater experience and smartness have better decision-making ability than the ones who are less intelligent or experienced. Hence, one may say that when a leader is under stressful conditions, intelligence does not function efficiently or with full effect and even might have a negative impact. A leader should search for previous experience under similar situations from where he might derive some strength and decision making power. Again under a high-stress scenario, the intelligence is often damaged, but experience might help the leader respond well to the situation. Again when the task is simple then the leaders’ effectiveness does not matter because even the subordinate will be able to handle it. (Cognitive Resource Theory n.d.) Therefore when the situation is stressful a leader with greater experience will be more reliable to handle it. When a leader has the lesser level of experience he should undertake relatively stress-free assignments and the level of stress should be gradually increased with experience.            

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 76

Discussion - Essay Example Target countries could be developed or emerging economies. In this respect, product quality is critical to consumer tastes and preferences. Any country or economy can make high quality or low quality products. For example, china is a leading global economy but most of her industrial products are perceived to be low quality. Emerging economies, therefore, have the potential to outperform China in terms of product quality. Personally, I agree with the India-China comparison. Both developed and emerging economies have their strengths and weaknesses. In this respect, the primary factors to consider are consumer preferences, product price, and product quality based on past purchases reviews. I agree with the argument that social, economic, and political factors play a significant role in influencing consumer perceptions. Issues of free trade, product price, brand loyalty, and country of origin elicit mixed reactions with regard to product quality. However, consumer satisfaction outweighs all forms of

JKL International plc. International Human Resource Essay Example for Free

JKL International plc. International Human Resource Essay INTRODUCTION With the trend of globalisation, the number of multinational companies is constantly increasing as well as expatriates (Business Recorder, 2011). Expatriate management now is an essential issue of human resource department because it takes a large amount of budget from the corporation. It is inevitable for expatriates to face culture barriers in subsidiaries because of unique national cultures in all countries over the world. National culture is cultural experiences, beliefs, learned behaviour patterns, and values shared by citizens of the same nation (Neale _et al_, 2006, p. 26). A national culture will significantly affect any employee working in firms and furthermore, national culture will influence the management framework in a company as well accompanied with organisational culture so that cross culture management is helpful not only for the supervisors decisions but also for employees especially for expatriates (Chen, 2006, p. 2). In the case study of JKL, it showed a range of problems in their expatriates which related national cultures and JKL will implement a British managerial system into its Russian subsidiary. This essay will first examine the problems and issues in managing expatriates in JKL and then evaluate the proposal from Jim Flinn, the CEO of Zagorski who will apply an entire British managerial system into a Russian subsidiary. ORGANISATIONAL CONTEXT (CASE STUDY) JKL is a British pharmaceutical company which was founded in 1925 and it has expanded its business by acquiring other pharmaceutical companies in Malaysia, India, Greece and USA. Recently, JKL has made the largest acquisition of Zagorski, a pharmaceutical company in Russia. At the headquarter of UK, JKL applies a decentralised organisational structure. All managers are required to give their own opinions to avoid some drawbacks of group decision making which is conformity pressure in groups (Robbins and Judge, 2009, p.336). Employees are allowed to propose valuable ideas to manufacture and administrative systems as well. Supervisors will award monetary incentives (one of the physical needs) as motivation to employees and managers (Carrell, Elbert and Hatfield, 2000, p.129) if their initiatives are judged as potential innovations. On the other hand, in subsidiaries, JKL applied localised human resource practices in order to fit local cultural values and legal systems (Dowling, Festing and Engle, 2008, p.217) by keeping local managers with existing  organisational and managerial systems. In past years, those subsidiaries in Malaysia, India and Greece were continually making profits to JKL and JKL also regularly sent managers and specialists to those subsidiaries for expatriation in a period of time. After the acquisition of Zagorski, Dr. Jim Flinn will be the CEO who had spent last three years in the subsidiary of USA. PART ONE: EXPATRIATES MANAGEMENT AND CROSS CULTURE MANAGEMENT IN MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS INTRODUCTION Culture is a popular topic in literature research and it could be described as a software of the mind (Hofstede, 1991, p. 2) .With the trend of globalisation, managing cultural differences has become an important issue in human resource management of multinational corporations. Misunderstanding may be occurred if culture differences are not well-managed even these colleagues are working in the same organisation (Hall, 1995, p.6). In the case study, seven expatriates of JKL have their own problems and for JKL, there is a high expatriate leaving rate after repatriation (Appendix F). This essay will identify the problem of seven expatriates working in JKL and its subsidiaries and after that, rational proposals of changes will be given to them on the basis of improvements of JKLs human resource department. EXPATRIATES AND ORGANISATION PROBLEMS AND PROPOSALS FOR CHANGES EXPATRIATES In the case study it lists seven expatriates with their problems and in the following essay they will be numbered from A to G. A (RETURNED FROM PENNSYLVANIA, USA) According to the case study, expatriate A was the first expatriate to Pennsylvania because of an attractive salary. The reason of returning is that expatiate A was annoyed about following managers received better compensation packages than him although they were almost doing the same works. The main problems of the human resource department of JKL are rewarding system and lack of correct performance appraisal system. Every employee believes, and most experts believe, that pay and rewards are an important part of an organisations human resource management (Harris, Brewster and Sparrow, 2003, p.91). In fact, the first expatriate to a subsidiary will face loads of difficulties in practical and then try to solve them as a pioneer (Business Wire, 1998). As a result, the first expatriate is deserved to have a better compensation package than followers. As the perspective of organisation, the first expatriate may important to human resource managers because this person can be regarded as a training model of human resource management (Arusha Times, 2009, p.16). On the other hand, because of lacking effective performance appraisal, expatriate A had a lower compensation package compared with following managers and that may be the reason of the compensation package of expatriate A was retain unvarying for a long time as well. Expatriates sometimes will feel unfair if performance evaluate system is not effective enough because insufficient performance appraisal system may make expatriates uncertain of their performance especially for those hard working expats (Gordon, 2010, p.56). The possible solution of dealing this problem is establishing an effective reward system by performance appraisal (Performance -related reward system). Performance-related pay (PRP) can change the payment from a rigid structure to a flexible way depended on performance (Harris, Brewster and Sparrow, 2003, p.94). By applying this system, the productivity of employees will be significantly increased and for expatriates, they will be motivated and more  willing to finish their assignments as well (Gielen, Kerkhofs and Van, 2010, p.299). Furthermore, accurate evaluation is also a factor which company need to take account because there is an essential link between motivation and performance appraisal (Carrell, Elbert and Hatfield, 2000, p.315). B (RETURNED FROM INDIA) The reason of expatriate B returning to UK is that his spouse and child had enough of India living and schooling as seemed to be suffering (Case Study). The main problem of the human resource department of JKL is expatriate selection especially in cross-cultural suitability and family. Cross-cultural suitability and family are two of the most crucial criteria of expatriate selection (Dowling, Festing and Engle, 2008, p.120). In culture aspect, Hofstedes national culture model demonstrated the main various between UK and India in power distance and individualism (Appendix A). According to appendix A, the power distance column in India is much higher than it in UK as well as individualism so that there maybe the reason of his spouse had enough of India. In addition, unlike Western Europe civilisation, there is a caste system in India which cause the high power distance and many females in India basically are not regarded as equal to males (Robert _et al_., 2000, pp.654-656). Moreover, individualism in India is much less important than UK so that residents in India intend to work, study and live collectively (South Asian Studies, 2011) that is totally different to UK. As a result, the wife and child keened on back to UK because of the cultural adjustment problem while her husband was still working only with British colleagues (Case Study). The solutions will be provided here are selecting an appropriate candidate as an expatriate and putting more emphasis on cross-cultural suitability and family requirement. Cotemporary, the family element is having more important weight in expatriate selection because of non-working factors and potential influence to working expatriates (Andreason and Aaron, 2008, pp. 386-387). C (RETURNED AFTER A-FIVE-YEAR-ASSIGNMENT AND WOULD BE SENT OUT IMMEDIATELY) The problem of JKL here is about repatriate management and in detail; it will be related to re-entry management. In general, after completing an international assignment, an expatriate will go back to the home country as called re-entry or repatriation (Harzing and Ruysseveldt, 2004, p.337). However, most repatriates will cope with culture shock after they back to the home country. Using an example of India and UK here, although many British work in India as expats for its booming economic and after their finishing assignments, back to UK, they therefore only find they cannot work under a UK context (The International Herald Tribune, 2009). That may be the reason that JKL sent employee C abroad again without hesitation in order to avoid coping with culture shocks (Case Study). It is obviously that JKL need to improve their repatriate management and there are many models here from other multinational companies. JKL could Offer repatriation training, pre-departure training, and re-entry orientation to employees and their families (Liu, 2005, p.129) and expats can increase the awareness of repatriation and decrease the uncertainty after back to the home country . Moreover, JKL could prepare a job vacancy in expatriate management division of human resource management because expatriates have various working experiences in other countries (Berman and Ursula, 2009, pp.80-81). D (NOW WORKING IN GREECE AS AN EXPATRIATE) The major issue of expatriate D in Greece now is adapting the local customs and culture in Greece although JKL had a prepared pre-departure training programme (Case Study). In Hofstedes national culture demonstration of UK and Greece (Appendix B), the uncertainty avoidance is extremely high and no long-term orientation in Greece. In the case of expatriate D, a problem of communication is occurred as well. In theoretical aspect, there four problems in cross-cultural oral communication: semantics, word connotations, tone differences and differences among perceptions (Robbins and Judge, 2009, pp.407-408) and English and Greek are classified to two different language system. As a result, it will take a longer training  programme to completely learn and understand a foreign language. Likewise the body language and gestures in England are slightly different to the world, for example, a V gesture means victory or peace in many countries but in England, if the palm and fingers face inward, it means up yours especially if executed with an upward jerk of the fingers (New York Times, 1996, p.E7). Consequently, post-departure training is a rational option for expatriate D to continually make adjustments into Greek culture. The reason is that post-departure training is suit for expatriates living in a country which has an entirely different culture and it can accelerate accustoming another culture (Managing Training and Development, 2005). E AND F (CONFUSED AFTER REPATRIATE) Expatriate E and F have similar problems after finishing their international assignments because JKL currently have no response about their repatriate (Case Study). The problem of JKL must be repatriate management. The possible solution will be provided here is putting emphasis on repatriate management. In fact, in last ten years, there is an increasing number of multinational corporations focus on repatriate management while in 1990s, only few companies would hold a re-entry discussion. According to a survey in 1997, only 27% firms supposed to hold a discussion about re-entry and it had been improved in 2000s. In 2004, there are 86% companies intended to discuss the re-entry issue (Dowling, Festing and Engle, 2008, p.199). JKL could offer repatriate supports to repatriates such as give interaction to human resource management to increase the sense of loyalty so that the company can avoid losing these experienced employees (Harzing and Ruysseveldt, 2004, pp. 343-344). G (THOUGHT GREEK DISCRIMINATE AGAINST FEMALE) From expatriate Gs case, it seems Greek dislike the idea of female even she is well qualified or experienced (Case Study). Thus, for JKL, it shall  investigate the culture and even the working environment in Greece. From Hofstedes national culture model, UK and Greece possess almost the same figure in masculinity and Greece actually has a lower masculinity figure than UK (Appendix B). However, the power distance in Greece is much higher than it in UK which means whatever a male or female, their ideas are hardly applied to supervisors as an employee. In Greek working condition, it is surprisingly to find much evidence of discrimination against female. According to an official report written by Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) and the World Organisation against Torture (OMCT) (2002, pp.13-21), there are approximately 4500 rapes in working communities every year and only 6% are reported to police. Furthermore, Sexual harassment in communities is common in Greece due to no specific legislation of sexual harassment. Those factors may be the reasons of Greek male employees discriminate against female in the working place. In JKLs view, it is a challenge to solve this problem as well, one of the effective ways is sending a male expatriate instead of female employee in Greece to prevent any hidden risks in Greece and make further investigation in Greek subsidiaries. ORGANISATION From the case study, JKL have a high expatriate failure rate (Exceed 46%) in subsidiaries except USA (Appendix F). JKL has paid a low attention on cross culture management because it applies a localised managerial system and most managers in the subsidiaries are from the host countries. In fact, many multicultural corporations which apply localised managerial system have the same issue in manage culture difference (National Centre for Vocational Education Research, 2006, p.1). According to Brunstein (1995, pp. 275-280), a localised managerial system will positively fit the local context and it is easier to bring profit like autonomy units in a shorter of time than centralised management system. However, the drawbacks are employees especially the expatriates from the parent company will probably face a huge  culture shock in the subsidiary if their cultures are totally different. As a result, JKL must release many improvements in human resource department especially in expatriate management field. If JKL continually applies a localised managerial system in acquired firms, it may only have problems on expatriates management. However, once the supervisors intended to transplant the whole management system into a country with entirely different national culture like flag-planting, it definitely will bring a serious impact to the target subsidiary and the worst consequence may like the failure of Japanisation entering UK in 1990s. CONCLUSION The main problem that JKL has is on its international human resource management as a part of managerial system. In the case study, seven expatriate had a range of typical expatriate problems comprising training, expatriate selection and repatriate management. Moreover, 43 per cent of expatriate left JKL after their repatriation and at least 46 per cent of expatriate cannot complete their tour in subsidiaries except USA. In short, those fundamental factors of expatriates problems are totally based on various national cultures that JKL need to take account in its cross culture management. PART TWO: APPRAISE THE DECENTRALISED MANAGERIAL SYSTEMS OF JKL APPLIED IN RUSSIAN AFFILIATE INTRODUCTION Like national cultures, many companies have developed their own organisational culture as well as managerial structure. Organisational structure is important to multinational corporations because it will definitely interact with different national cultures in host countries (Francesco and Gold, 2005, p.236). In the case study, JKL applies a  polycentric control system in Malaysia, India and Greece and decision making authority is awarded to subsidiaries in order to avoid drawbacks on the motivation and political problems in these countries (Stonehouse _et al_, 2004, pp.382-383). As a result, those subsidiaries make profit very shortly (Case Study). This essay will evaluate Jim Flinns proposal who intends to transplant a whole managerial system from JKL headquarter to its Russian affiliate. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS OF JKLS AND ZAGORSKIS STRUCTURES AND MANAGERIAL SYSTEMS At the headquarter in UK and its affiliate in USA, JKL uses a decentralised management structure and employees will be empowered to make decisions on their own works (Case Study). Currently, many European multinational companies applied decentralised managerial structure and developed an organisational culture called old boys network with high autonomy (Bartlett, Ghoshal and Birkinshaw 2003 pp.342-343). Decentralised structure is one of the most successful management systems in transnational corporations which has experienced a long time modification and has generated many derivative systems. Under this system, diverse standards are made to fit specific manufacturing cases and it will enhance developing new and innovative products (Johnson _et al_, 2008, p. 166). For JKL, it is a brilliant choice because innovation is actually a crucial factor to a pharmaceutical company. Yet, the weak point of this system is hard to implement global business strategies because those subsidiaries are working as autonomies while Zagorski used to apply a centralised structure which renowned for the efficiency of implements business strategies. Furthermore, JKL developed a monitoring system with performance appraisal in headquarter and USA which can significantly motivate employees in working place (Decenzo and Robbins, 1999, pp. 292-294). However, there are a few weaknesses of performance appraisal system. For example, a report from General Electric (GE) which applied performance appraisal system and it found that those employees who received a honest but negative feedback from supervisors would actually not motivated them but decrease the motivation in their work  (Oberg, 2000, p. 64). On the contrast, a centralised structure has a formal bureaucracy system with a tall hierarchy and fixed official duties (Francesco and Gold 2005, pp.240-241). This structure is therefore suit for small or middle-sized companies at the beginning stage for effective control power in strategy implementation (Jeong, 2001, p. 446). One the other hand, the Economist (2004, p.33) found that with the increasing size of firms, a centralised structure will constantly lose the efficiency of decision making process through the complicated bureaucracy system and the employees will get used to receive orders from supervisors instead of expressing their own idea. In addition, there is no performance related rewards in Zagorski because a tall hierarchy management system proposed to make a uniform management system by formalised, vertical and fair control so that regulations are designed to fit every employee as a same unit (Czinkota, Ronkainen and Moffett, 1999, p.712). NATIONAL CULTURE DIFFERENCES JKL used to transplant their management system to its subsidiary in USA and it successful worked. This is the main reason that Jim Flinn, the former manager in US affiliate wants to transplant the system to Russia again. Before making the final decision, it is necessary to analyse the reasons of this success in USA. As main economics in Europe and North America, there are many similarities in the national culture of UK and USA. According to Harris, Moran and Moran (2004, pp.297-298, pp. 437-440), free enterprise, culture affinity, English speaking, private, good manners, aggressive and self-realisation are the common key words of American and British. Moreover, in Hofstedes national culture model (Appendix C), the national culture of USA and UK are almost the same and in uncertainty avoidance column, USA is slightly higher than UK. However, Russia is totally a different country in East Europe. First, employees in Russia are regarded as a kind of cost rather than a resource (Organizational Dynamics, 1999, p.75). Second, beside the language usage, all management decisions are made by supervisors in business context.  Furthermore, Russian basically have a slow time sense and they intend to work collectively (Harris, Moran and Moran, 2004, pp.497-500). In Hofstedes national culture demonstration (Appendix D), Russia has a higher power distances, lower individualism, higher uncertainty avoidance and no long term orientation compared to UK and USA. From a report, Russian firms used to apply a reactor business strategy in order to meet immediate need instead of long term benefits but most of those companies are finally failed (Milles and Snow, 1978, p. 353). RELEVANT CASES After culture analysis, it is showed that there is a huge difference in national culture between Russia and UK. Hence, it is not sure that Jim Flinn will still succeed again in his transplanting programme. Look back at history, in 1990s, Japanisation once became a popular word in UK and Toyota established its manufacturing plant in Derby in 1992 because there was an existing skilled engineering workforce there (The Independent, 1992, p.23). During the early 1990s only about 55000 people were employed by Japanese companies in the UK (The Journal, 1999). Japanisation is a Japanese managerial system with Cost-centred Just in Time System, long term contracts, vertical integration to supplier and low labour turnover rate (Hasegawa, 2001, pp.165-166). However, once Japanese manager attempted to entirely implement this system into British subsidiaries, it was not worked effectively with British employees and many Japanese companies like Nissan finally failed in UK market because Japanese manufacturing method did not fit British economic and culture conditions with collective working method (Procter and Ackroyd, 1998, p. 241, pp.244-245). In Hofstedes national culture model (Appendix E), Japan is a collective, success oriented and long term oriented country with high uncertainty avoidance which is almost an opposite of UK. It is recommended to apply a centralised managerial structure in Russia because many most Russian companies applied a traditional production-oriented culture with strong factory patriotism just like a  typical Soviet traditions (Clarke, 2004, p. 418). In 2003, IKEA opened its first store in Russia and many Swedish worked in IKEA Russia as expatriates. After repatriation, their feedbacks are high power distance in the working place accompanied with rigid centralised management structures (Jonsson, 2008, p.34). Despite the nation culture of Russia possess a high power distance, there are some autonomous states in Russia which has rich unexplored natural resources such as Komi and Sakhalin actually have a more decentralised culture and many Dutch petroleum and pharmaceutical companies had established their affiliates with decentralised management structures in those regions (Condon, and Dauman, 1993, p.31). FORECAST According to the case study, Jim Flinn intends to use a top-down change approach to transplant the managerial structure which may be imposed in a coercive manner (Balogun and Hailey, 2004, p.27). Once Jim Flinn has completely applied the management system that used in the headquarter and USA, the employees in Russian subsidiaries have to cope with a huge culture difference from West Europe. Jim Flinn may draw attention on the success of Dutch pharmaceutical companies in Russia as mentioned before. Thus, in a short term, transition will be a main issue in Russian subsidiary and it probably will take a long time in this process. However, in a long term perspective, the management structure of JKLs headquarter may bring a range of benefits because a decentralised management system is exactly helpful in research and development department although the Russian employees are used to reluctant in changes (Case Study). CONCLUSION The main problem of JKLs Russian affiliate is culture adjustment if Jim Flinn transplants the whole management structure from JKL to Zagorski. In fact, national culture will strongly influence the organisational culture as well as managerial framework of a company. Changing management system in a  subsidiary is not a flag-planting work because of various national cultures involved. In the first part of essay, some expatriates actually have problems on their international assignments in India and Greece. Hence, it can be estimated that, after the transplantation, many local employees working in Russia subsidiaries may have the same problems. Furthermore, many previous cases above are provided which could be used as a reference to Jim Flinn as well. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS This essay examined the problems in managing expatriates in JKL and evaluated the proposal from Jim Flinn who will transplant a British managerial system to a Russian subsidiary. Through these analyses, it is concluded that national culture will influence both expatriates and organisational cultures. It is essential for multinational corporations to have a good command of human resource management because of the large proportion budget of expatriates and efficiency of implementing business strategies. Managerial structure, on the other hand, it cannot be easily changed and sometime it will bring a series negative consequences in real business context because national cultures are involved as well. JKL have to improve its human resource department especially repatriate division and training programme to offer better supports to expatriates and eventually, there is a suggestion to Jim Flinn which is making further investigations on previous cases and local subsidiaries REFERENCE: Andreason and Aaron, W. (2008), Expatriate Adjustment of Spouses and Expatriate Managers: An Integrative Research Review, _International Journal of Management_, 25(2), pp.386-387. 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The Independent (1992), Britains motor parts suppliers learn Japanese, p.23, 8 June, 1992. The International Herald Tribune (2009), A Reverse Culture Shock in India: Workers Returning Home Find It Hard to Cope with Clash between Two Worlds, p.10, 28 November, 2009. The Journal (1999), Japanese bring 150 more jobs  £5m investment in Tees Valley, p.26, 8 September, 1999.

Educational management and lifelong learning Essay Example for Free

Educational management and lifelong learning Essay The models of theory which have been introduced into the educational sector are many, and while they have distinct names and functions, several have the tendency of overlapping with others. Six major models are presented here, in the orders of formal, collegial, political, subjective, ambiguity and cultural (Bush, 2003). These models complex constructs that are characterized and grouped into these clusters based on their relationships to different factors within the institution in which they are identified. Classification of these models is based on their agreement in such areas as the goals of the organization, their relationship to the dynamic of structure, as well as their orientation regarding an institution’s interaction with its environment (2003). Adult or lifelong learners are proliferating within today’s educational system and the posture of an institution’s management has the capacity to influence the experience of these types of students. Lifelong learners have needs and concerns that diverge from that of traditional students and the ability of teachers, administrators and principals (or deans) to cater to these non-traditional needs depends not only on their willingness to do so, but also on the type of managerial model that is present within the educational institution. The following paper discusses the principles of each of these managerial theories of education and relates each to the experience of the lifelong learner. Formal Models The formal models of theories of educational leadership and management emphasize the elements of educational institutions that might be considered official or structural (Bush, 2003). These models are based on the hierarchical envisioning of organizations and on the idea that the objectives pursued and achieved by managers are done using rational means. The form or structure of the organizations endows the organizational or departmental heads with their authority based on the positions to which they have been assigned. The formal model comprises five basic models, all of which to some degree contain the following seven features. The first feature is the tendency toward a systemic view of organizations, with each element of the system possessing an identifiable and demonstrable link with the other. Within an educational organization, this is represented by the different departments and elements (professors, secretaries, teachers and students) that make up these departments. The prominence of a given structure within the organization is another feature that defines such formal models. The flow of this structure is usually identifiable through organized patterns, and the usual pattern within educational organizations—that of hierarchy—defines the third feature. This hierarchy of the different departments as well as the order of authority possessed by the members within each defines this structure. Teachers are, for example, subordinate to heads of department, who are in turn subordinate to principals, and so forth (Bush, 2003). The formal models also render schools as organizations that seek out goals, and these official objectives are usually adopted by those who subscribe to the organization (Beare, Caldwell, Millikan, 1989). The rationality of the processes that define managerial decisions within schools is also a feature adopted by the models within the locus of formal theories. Such decisions often involve the consideration of all alternatives before selecting the most feasible and profitable. Within these formal models, the authority granted to leaders and managers is considered to derive from the positions they hold. Therefore, their authority is only tenable as long as they remain within their position. Finally, formal models emphasize the role of the body that sponsors the organization (sponsoring body). This necessitates that the educational institution be accountable to this sponsoring body, which usually takes the form of governments. Formal Models and the Lifelong Learner Within the arena of lifelong learning, the normative and prescriptive nature of these theories possesses strengths and weaknesses. While the systemic and hierarchical nature of the models allow for adult learners to understand and follow the chain of command, the fact that students are often placed at the bottom of this chain proves problematic for the adult learner. A more collaborative and egalitarian setting would be more appropriate for an adult learner, as he or she is likely to possess authority in other areas of life and would be uncomfortable merely being submissive within this educational setting. Furthermore, since adult learners are more apt to take responsibility for their learning, their inclusion in the decision-making processes would be curtailed in a very rigidly structured model of education. The problems identified with the formal model address some of the issues that involve lifelong learners (Bush, 2003). The power distribution and structure denies the important role of the individual in making and influencing decisions. Adult learners are often consulted about programs that they are interested in pursuing, and often chart their own paths in the achievement of goals. Therefore, the goal-oriented nature of the formal model, while technically substantiated where lifelong learners are concerned, gives little acknowledgement to the relative autonomy of this type of student in formulating and achieving these goals. Much of the lifelong learning and continuing studies which takes place within this age does so via the internet. Within such an educational environment, the systemic and hierarchical nature of educational management is vastly altered. Classes are no longer taught by teachers in a teacher-student hierarchy. Rather, students involved in teaching themselves via materials merely uploaded by â€Å"teachers† or professors. Therefore, the idea that the power available within this organization resides at the top of the pyramid again is faulted. Also, the structure of the organization does appear to change into a more egalitarian one in order to accommodate the more responsible adult learner.

The Independence Of Malaysia History Essay

The Independence Of Malaysia History Essay Malaysia was declared a new nation on 16 September 1963.This occurred six years after independence. Nobody expected Malaya to become Malaysian in such a short time. This is an idea of unification had been voice by David Marshall who suggested that Singapore unite with Malaya(1955).The idea was also sounded by Ghazali Shafie(1954) and Tan Cheng Lock(1955). Tunku Abdul Rahman and Lee Kuan Yew agreed that Singapore and Malaya should join together. Tunku Abdul Rahman was developed an idea when he stated his readiness to accept not just Singapore but also Sarawak, Brunei British North Borneo after they had obtained their independence and they should join voluntarily. In 1961, federation of Malaysia is created by Britain and the Malayan Prime Minister. The creation of Malaysia is to merging the British colonies including Borneo and Singapore with already independent Malaya. The president of Indonesia, Sukarno denounced that the plan of create a federation of Malaysia is a neo-colonialist plot, because it maintain the British presence in the region and also claimed that it denied the Borneans their legitimate right to national self determination. So under his leadership, Indonesia embarked on a policy of Confrontation, exerting diplomatic economic and military pressure against British and Malaya. BACKGROUND 27th May 1961, Tunku Abdul Rahman having a speech in Singapore. The speech is about the foreign Correspondents Association of South-East Asia, to put forward a public feeler for a plan. This plan is for closer the political and also economic co-operation between the Borneo protectorate of Brunei and the Borneo colonies of Sarawak and North Borneo. This speech is seen as marking at least to the public for beginning of the Malaysia project. In July 1961, the leaders of all the territories which might form Malaysia had an opportunity to confer on the subject in a regional meeting of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. In this meeting, Malaysian Solidarity Consultative Committee was set up with representative from each of the five territories (Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo, Brunei and Sarawak), the aim of this committee included the collection of views and opinions between this five country. In November 1961 the two Prime Ministers signed a Heads of Agreement document for a mer ger between the Federation of Malaya and Singapore. In the same month, Tunku Abdul Rahman visited London and reached agreement in principle with the British government on the idea of Malaysia. The British and Malayan governments that they convinced the plan of the Federation of Malaysia included the five country was a desirable aim. The merger agreement was noted with satisfaction and additional note was taken of defence arrangements. Failing to influence Malaya, President Sukarno launched a confrontation policy against Malaya on 20 Jan 1963. Sukarnos grounds for opposing the information of Malaysia because leader of Malaysia ignore Indonesia in Malayas plan to set up a new country while Indonesia was neighbour and friend to Malaysia. Sukarno claim Malaysia to be a new kind of political structure that would ignore Indonesias interest and weaken spirit of the Malay Archipelago. President Sukarno argued that Malaysia was a puppet of the British, and that the consolidation of Malaysia would increase British control over the region, threatening the independence of Indonesia. At that time, Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation between Indonesia-Malaysia was an undeclared intermittent war over the future of the island of Borneo, between British-backed Malaysia and Indonesia during 1962-1966, called Konfrontasi. 3) The REASONS that led the confrontation a) Personality Problem Hostility of Indonesia to the formation Malaysia comes from several reasons and have shown below. On 20 January 1963, the Indonesian Foreign Minister, Dr Subandrio, who was a leftist, announced a policy of confrontation towards Malaya. It was a complete reversal of Indonesian policy to oppose the existence of Malaysia. Sukarno who was strongly engaged in communism subsequently declared a Confrontation policy on Malaysia from January 1963 to August 1966. As a result, the actual and undeclared war between Malaysia and Indonesia began in early 1963. Indonesia put a halt to all diplomatic relations with Malaysia during this period. Besides that, Indonesian troops began launched a series of cross-border raids, sabotage and attempted subversion into Malaysian territory to reach a political understanding. In May 1963, Tunku Abdul Rahman and President Sukarno held talks and agreed held a plebiscite before the Federation was formed. Sukarno stated that Indonesia would not stand in the way if the people of North Borneo supported the suggestion of Federation. However, on 9 July 1963, Tunku Abdul Rahman signed the London Agreement and settled down the formation of the Federation of Malaysia on 31 August 1963. On 27 July 1963, President Sukarno announced a ganyang Malaysia or Crush Malaysia campaign for a response. On 23 September 1963, Sukarno proclaimed himself as President-for-Life and declared that Indonesia must gobble Malaysia raw. Military units of Indonesia infiltrated Malaysian territories but were intercepted before they could establish contact with local dissidents. The intermittent war waged by Indonesia was marked by armed incursion, acts of subversion, bomb attacks and destabilisation. State Entry Exit Population Combat Forces Losses Malaysia 1963 1966 13000000 80000 25000 Indonesia 1963 1966 153000000 200000 20000 The confrontation came to an eventual end when Sukarno was replaced by Suharto as the president of Indonesia. Consequently, a peace treaty was signed between both countries in Jun 1966. b) Economic There were several reasons that caused the Malaya to reconsider this merger after it had experienced steady economic development and improved the standard living of its community. So Tunku Abdul Rahman was keen on a merger with Singapore was for economic purposes. Singapore had a large population and a large number of industrial firms, Complements the important trading ports in the region, one position. The Borneo territories, and fertile agricultural grounds that produced rubber pepper and much more , and on the other hand, boasted of richness in natural resources such as timber, oil and natural gas. Tunku Abdul Rahman believes that the merger of these colonies is much value to the Malayan. Tunku Abdul Rahman was also seeking to liberate these colonies from colonization. 4 years ago, Malaya had already achieved its independence. While Singapore practiced to a large extent, a self-governing policy, British control Sarawak and Sabah were still very much. The other factor is the stronghold of communism in Singapore. Over time, they did not stop their activities. But the leadership of Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore is in the mid-50s strike frustrated, if anyone with the dispute continued. They hope to find favour, and to soften their blow. But the Communist Party they continue their activities. Eventually formed his own political party, they were forced to resign the government, because they are known as the Socialist Front, after the firm. He afraid to face the risk of Malaya, the Chinese Communists decided to support both sides of their allies in Malaya, Tunku Abdul Rahman and Singapore believe that the merger will allow the easy handling the Communist Party. Apart from Singapore, Communism was also thriving in Sarawak, they formed an underground Communist association which moved through worker associations, student and farmers. c) Communist In 1955, Singapores main population consists of Chinese, Malayan about the effects on the structure of other ethnic groups, especially the Malays. Also worried about the activities of the Communist Party of any natural rampant, Malaya and the impact may hinder the struggle to eliminate the threat of communism. Singapore was afraid to face the risk of Communist. Tunku Abdul Rahman and Singapore believe that the merger will allow the easy handling the Communist Party when the plan of the Malaysia was success. d) Natural Resources The other why the confrontation occurs in between Malaysia and Indonesia is about the natural resources in some countries like Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Singapore. As we know natural resources is quite important to make a profit for a country. Malaysia and Indonesia need these countries due to the richer natural resources. Sabah is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in Malaysia after Sarawak. It contains the richest natural freshwater fisheries in Malaysia. This variety of habitats is rich in wildlife including orang utan, proboscis monkey, hornbill and marine turtle, as well as plant life such as the Rafflesia, pitcher plant and a unique array of wild orchid. Besides that, there are a number of wonderful natural resources such as beaches, green hill, tall mountains and rainforest. Therefore, the eco tourism is one of the main attractions for the tourism. Sarawak is known to international visitors primarily because of the extraord inary natural wonders of its national park, including Gunung Mulu, the Niah Caves, and Bako. Sarawaks cultural treasures are also fascinating, reflecting the influence not only of the states many ethnic peoples, but also the odd western influence of Sarawaks White Rajahs. Sarawak also rich in petroleum and natural gas. Sarawak is one of the worlds largest exporters of tropical hardwood timber. Sarawak is also well endowed with both metallic and non-metallic mineral resources. Resources such as silica sand, kaolinitic clay and coal provide vast potential for value-added processing. Good quality kaolinitic and ball clay deposits suitable for manufacture of paper and ceramic products. There are huge investment opportunities are waiting for investors in agro based industries. The processing of agricultural commodities such as oil palm, pepper, rubber and sago, thus increasing value added. Sarawaks vast reserves of natural resources, largely untapped, are a source of promising opportunit ies in the field of biotechnology. With its bountiful and well-managed natural resources is capable more resources-based industries and great opportunities for growth. That why Indonesia wants Sabah and Sarawak to form its country. Brunei is the third largest oil producer in Southeast Asia after Indonesia and Malaysia. So its natural resources are petroleum, natural gas, timber. Petroleum is useful for transportation and mechanical fields, while natural gas is for coalgas and timber have many uses such as paper, logging industries and so on. With this condition sure Malaysia and Indonesia will loot for it and the misunderstandings is come to pass. Singapore is a city-state with not much land area and it is not particularly rich in natural resources. Natural resources in Singapore can be categorized into non renewable resources, renewable resources and water resources. Non-renewable resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas is limited for Singapore and their economy is dependent o n oil and natural gas imports. Renewable resources like bio mass, an utilization energy stored in organic matter mostly depend by Singapore. Examples of biomass include wood, leaves, animal waste, crops, bones, and scales. Biomass is stored solar energy that can be converted to electricity or fuel.  But it has to find out a solution to the problem of lack of land. With quite a number richest of natural resources in these countries for sure it may be the hot for be in charge of by others. Due to this reason Malaysia and Indonesia are included in vie to these richest land and cause a lot of confront between them. Conclusion The fighting lasted nearly four years, however General Suhartos replacement of Sukarno, Indonesia interest in pursuing the war with Malaysia declined and combat eased. A useful favor in the containment of the Indonesian forces was the use of intelligence. Britain had broken the Indonesian military and diplomatic ciphers and was able to intercept and decrypt communication from a Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) listening station in Singapore. The war had been a strictly limited war and a cheapo one for Britain and Malaysia for which it achieved much. Indeed it clearly and decisively resulted in preventing Indonesia interfering with the creation of Malaysia. Arguably it had not been in the interests that the British or the Indonesians to extend hostiles outside Borneo. An alleged communist led coup in September 1965, which saw the deaths of sic leading generals, led to the successful counter coup by General Suharto (6.1921). The ensuing military assumption of power removed Sukarno and effectively ended confronts, though this was not officially announced until 1966. At the height of confronts an estimated 15000 to 30000 Indonesian soldiers and irregulars tried to infiltrate the Malaysia border while 80000 British personnel were stationed in the south-east Asian. British troops in Borneo assisted by Malaysia forces were spread thinly along the border to limit incursions. Not only just British and Malaysian troops but also Australians and New Zealanders help Malaya to protect their country from the attacking by Indonesia. British In this strategy, all about deterrence and military operations was very successful include the insurgency to a low level of conflict. But this confrontation required an important deployment of Britains limited resources and manpower. In early 1965, Britain had send the army to protect Malaya. Starting in December 1963, the British repeated requests for New Zealand and Australia to send combat forces to the Borneo to assist the insurgency. The Foreign Office advised the Cabinet in 1964 that As long as our conflict with Indonesia keeps unofficial and bilateral, we keep hold of the initiative. Britains choice to set up Malaysia was guided by defence needs, in particular the need to defend the massive military base in Singapore and at the same time create economies in defence expenses New Zealand On the other hand, Willington was eager to avoid New Zealand becoming involved in a major war with Indonesia. Because of the policy, New Zealands relations with its closest Asian neighbour could be poisoned for generations to come. Finally, the government initially refused to send troops into Borneo, because the British and Malaysian forces already enough to deal with the problem. America When the period from 1963 to 1966, the confrontation between Malaysia and Indonesia. American relations as it represents the first direct involvement of the United States into the politic affairs of Malaysia. In fact, in August 1961 when the British Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia, Lord Selkirk, visited Djakarta for the purpose of conculting with the Indonesians about the formation of Malaysia,the Indonesian Foreign Minister, Subandrio, indicated that his country was agreeable to the plan. Subandrion reiterated Indonesian approval in a letter to the New York Times on 13 November 1961 and in a speechto the United Nations General Assembly on 20 November when he said that Indonesia had no objectionsto the proposed merger based on the will of the peoples concerned. At the last, the New Guinea problem had been settled. Australia Australia made it clear that if Malaysia were subjected to armed invasion or subversive activity supported from outside, then Australian military assistance would be added to that of the Malaysian and British. RAN warships in the Strategic Reserve were available for patrol and escort ops. The Philippines President Macapagal claimed Sabah was originally a part of Philippines territory. The formation of Malaysia thus complicated his efforts to claim Sabah. As an indication of his objection to the information of Malaysia, Macapagal broke of diplomatic between Philippines and Malaysia. Communists On the night of the 30th September 1965 a coup attempt, in which Indonesian communists became involved, occurred in Indonesia. Six senior Generals were killed. The coup failed and was followed by widespread violence and bloodshed. It proved a turning point for confrontation, which declined thereafter and on 13th August 1966 a formal agreement concluded between Indonesia and Malaysia bringing the conflict to an end.

Expert Systems: The Past, Present and Future of Knowledge-based Systems :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Expert Systems: The Past, Present and Future of Knowledge-based Systems Expert Systems were invented as a way to decrease the reliance by corporations on human "experts" -- people who apply reasoning and experience to make judgements in a specific field, such as medicine, insurance underwriting or the operation of a power-plant. Hence, an expert system should include a database of facts and a way of reasoning about them. In many, but not all, applications it is also helpful to have a way for the system to reason with probabilities or non-Boolean truth values. Expert systems are also sometimes referred to a "knowledge-based systems". In classical AI many different reasoning methods have been tried. A few of the common ones are "forward chaining", in which conclusions are drawn from a set of facts by using modus ponens, syllogism, and other simple tools of logic; "backward chaining", which uses trickier logic, such as modus tollens; and neural nets. Most expert systems simply use forward chaining and backward chaining, with some non-Boolean component such as Fuzzy Logic only where necessary. Expert systems tend to be more practical than AI in general. It is quite possible to build an expert system in a conventional programming-language, such as COBOL, C or Java. However, much of the machinery inside an expert system can be abstracted away from any specific domain, and the main criterion in the success of an expert system is its ease of use and maintenance, not it's ability to make decisions in a fraction of a second. Therefore, it is possible to build a "knowledge system shell" which can then be prepared for almost any domain simply by listing rules and data in a standard form. Few expert systems are written in LISP, because most LISP implementations lack robust user-friendly input-output routines. A good knowledge system shell includes I/O routines, a way to accurately and generally represent facts, and an easy, efficient, accurate way to give the system inference-rules. However, even the best expert system shell is limited by the problem domain to which it is applied. One researcher divided problem domains into four categories: "Class 1. ... if the effective domain decompositions are not known and the available domain knowledge is limited to the set of allowable actions and constraints. An example of such a problem is maze traversal, where the knowledge about the structure of the maze is not available a priori. "Class 2.

Rape Victims :: essays research papers

Rape Victims Outside in the rain, a young man approached the house. He knew exactly where to go, he had been watching the back door. No one knows how often he had been out there, but he knew exactly where to find the hidden key. It was hidden in a woodpile behind some bushes next to the whit picked fence. He used it to let himself in the back door. He walked through the kitchen, around a corner, up the stairs, past the kids' rooms, and into Ross's bedroom. She'd been asleep for about half an hour, and the movement in the room startled her awake. Her first thought was that one of the children had come to her with a problem. Then she noticed the flashlight held by a tall figure dimly illuminated by a night-light down the hall. "Who are you? What do you want?" She demanded. "My friend is with your children, and he has a gun," the man said. "He'll kill them if you don't do what I want." Ross pleaded with him to take whatever money was there and leave. Her told her not to scream, and when she began to cry, he told her she should stop, because he said "you're a grown woman." He performed oral sex on her, and then raped her. When he had finished, he said to no one in particular, "That was awesome." Then he put a pillow over her face, told her to count to 100, and then he left the house. When she was sure he was gone, she checked the children and found the asleep and unharmed (apparently there had been no accomplice). (Grossman) This is just one of the disturbing situations where an innocent person is made into a victim. Rape is a felony crime in which a person is forced to have sexual intercourse without giving consent. Rape is traumatizing, and has a long lasting effect on how victims cope in society. While most rapes are unreported the number of cases reported in the United States more then doubled between 1970 and 1986. Rape is often motivated by extreme anger toward the victim or a need to overpower the victim. The motive is rarely sexual. Rape is intended to abuse, humiliate, and dehumanize the victim. 50% of all rapists are under the age of 25 and are most frequently with someone the victim already knows.

Tourism Essay -- Traveling, Service Qualities

It is generally agreed that tourism is fragmented. It is made up of various sectors or subsidiaries such as transportation, accommodation, attractions, amenities, catering, entertainment, eating and drinking establishments, shops, activity facilities (Leisure and recreation), and many others. These sectors provide products and service for individuals or groups o tourists who travel away from. Consequently, tourism is an amalgam of the products and services that its various subsectors make available or tourists. The provision of these products and services depends on the linkage between various sectors and their mutual interactions. Tourism is the most wide-ranging industry, in the sense that it demands products rom many sectors of the economy (Edgell, 1990) and employs millions of people in different sectors. For example, airplanes and buses must be manufactured to transport tourists; computers must be produced to make hotel booking and airline reservations; Steel, concrete, and glass are need to build hotels and restaurants; fabrics are needed to make cloths; meat, wheat, and vegetables must be grown to feed visitors. No other industry has so many linkage and interactions with so many sectors of the economy (Edgell, 1990), and delivers so many different kinds of products and services to consumers. Suppose we take a tourism provider as the example for this paper. Without any doubt they should have some sort of service which posses some competitive strategies. According to page et al (2001) in Williams and Buswell (2003) the careful management of the tourist experience is an absolutely vital and complex requirement. So here some examples of services and experience which can provide by a tourism coordinator are follows: .. ...roviders set up certain policies that are deemed comparable to their image and being suitable to their target market. Those policies particularly initiated by management or a service team (Kandampully et al, 2001). They may be developed through a formal process or may automatically evolve from experience and preferences. Policies may be detailed in company documents or simply published by word of mouth throughout the organization. In spite of the system, service policies set the standards for the provision of guest services in the company. Service standards can be only as good as the resultant performance. Although service policies may establish rules and performance standards for staffs while they are not perform effectively. Some companies develop wide-ranging service policies only to motivate staff while they fall short in performance (Kandampully et al, 2001).

Nova Scotia should join the Canadian Confederation. Essay

I will explain why Nova Scotia should join the Canadian Confederation from two aspects. The two aspects are defense security, economy and trade. First, I’ll talk about defense security. Nova Scotia is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, convenient for maritime transportation and has pleasant climate and abundant resources. Also it is the closest landing site that European colonists immigrate to Canada mainland and an international important port. So Nova Scotia has very important strategic position. It’s the starting point of European going into Canada or attempting to invade Canada. Because of these, Nova Scotia used to be the focus of the Anglo-French colonists’ interests for the region. In addition, many pirates often infested in Oak Island which is located in the east of Nova Scotia. Local resident masses had no means to live. And the area of Nova Scotia is very small, from the perspective of war, it is flimsy. If Nova Scotia doesn’t join the Canadian Confederation, it will be captured when colonists invade. If Nova Scotia joins the Canadian Confederation, the Canadian Confederation will be the most powerful backing. Second, I’ll talk a bout economy and trade. Nova Scotia is surrounded by water. Most people on the island are fishing for their living. Most of their wares are transported to Canada inland various areas and they trade with these areas. This is the major revenue stream of Nova Scotia. However, there are so many invaders and pirates in the island, it doesn’t have a safe convenient channel to transport wares to Canada inland. When we transport wares to Canada inland, we still need to pay a lot of taxes. So revenue stream is not enough stable. In addition, the number of people on the island is small and industry is relatively single. Some of necessities need to be imported from Canada inland. These imported necessities are also interfered because of the reasons I just said. So life can’t get security. In the other side, Nova Scotia is an important port for transportation and relatively close to Europe and United States. It is very suit for international trading. However, if security is not guaranteed, it won’t be able to get better development. Beyond these, if Nova Scotia joins the Canadian Confederation, we can put more focus on the development of international trade and local industry, and use the Canadian Confederation’s funds and technology to build railways and roads et al. We can also use its education and medical resources to improve the local infrastructure and raise the level of resident’s life. Finally, if Nova Scotia joins the Canadian Confederation, it can get good security safeguard. Its economy can get better development. The residents will also live better. So, Nova Scotia should join the Canadian Confederation.

DHCP and DNS Essay

Assignment 1 DHCP Troubleshooting. ascertain the workstations using ipconfig /all and find turn up if the ip range is within the scream range you assigned, if it is a different allot thusly the workstation failed to contact the DHCP emcee and has byg mavin into apipa mode. The mesh Interface Card qualification be assigned an incorrect driver. former(a) possible cause of the problem is that the shit c equal to(p) is not plugged into the Network Interface Card, or is not machine-accessible to a switch on the other end. However, it could be that the host has run taboo of IP copees that it stomach assign to clients. You can easily tell if this is the problem by comparing the size of the DHCP address tele desktop to the number of devices on your network that signal IP addresses from the DHCP boniface. But since only just about of the workstations have got addresses the problem might be the DHCP server. Start off by doing nearly ping tests to verify that the DHCP server is capable to communicate across the network. If the DHCP server is able to communicate with other computing machines on the network, then I recommend verifying that the DHCP server has an IP address that is compatible with the scope that the server is configured to assign addresses from. The server itself has to be assigned a atmospherics address in the same subnet range, much(prenominal) as 192.168.0.199. If this still doesnt clear the problem make sure that the DHCP server is still authorized by the active Directory to lease IP addresses. You should also review to verify that the scope is active, and that the necessary run are running on the DHCP server. illustration 1 DNS scenario.You will need to frame-up a primary DNS server in the larger branch office. Configure it as a primary forward search zone for the domain forebode of your company. before you install DNS make sure your computer has a static ip address so it does not get one from the DHCP server. In the small branch setup a second DNS server. Configure it as a secondary forward search zone with the same domain name as the primary DNS server.

Types of Courage to Kill a Mockingbird

To Kill a Mockingbird types of courage In Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† Lee has three chinese characters Atticus, Jem, and Scout Finch. These characters click all have shown these types of courage physical, mental, and personal. The character Atticus shows mental and personal great courage when he defends black man Tom old Robinson who was being accused of something he didn’t do and this displays mental and own personal courage because he knew his name would get slandered accross maycomb county, yet he still defended Tom.Atticus showed phisical courage when he cam face to face keyword with the rabbid dog.The storyline of the film is depending upon the publication.This portion demonstrates his phisical courage.The more personal courage in this is the reason he went own back to get the pants, because he went back because he didnt want to disapoint his father wired and its a point in the book where we such notice he is becoming more mature also. Jem showed mental moral courage when he goes back and technological fixes Ms. Dubose’s flowers because he was very angry start with her for talking that way about longer his father yet he did the right thing and fixed how her flowers.Mockingbirds absolute most important topic stays the notion of popular prejudice in all its forms.

Being a famous singer has been a dream of mine.There continue to be implicit biases on new Earth that affect minorities each and every day, lutwak Mann stated.Valued and the innocent ought to be protected.Courage is a real hard thing for folks to do.

Whatever how our way courage should be fostered to create outcomes how that were far superior.Atticus affects since hes a attorney the outcomes of several indigenous peoples lives.Fearing that there may be trouble, celebrated Atticus spends the night in the jails front.Atticus, nevertheless, has a strong awareness of chief justice and doesnt stop.

Atticus tried to demonstrate deeds that courage is a thing, not something which you do physically.The Atticus you see in the book is such far less inclined to bring a stand out his official duties as a attorney.Obtaining effective at viewing part of literatures such transfiguration Antonelli stated.Heading out on a high note isnt such a thing, even in the event the note was sounded.