Criticisms Or Limitations Of HRM Strategic Hrm Commerce Essay

Criticisms Or Limitations Of HRM Strategic Hrm Commerce Essay Over the past century, the concept of Human Resources Management (HRM) has been going through some significant changes. According to Nankervis, Compton and Baird, the main focus of human resources management is the overall management of an organizations workforce in the purpose of achieving the desired objectives of the organizations in the long run (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). From personnel administration management to human resources management, and then further developing to strategic human resources management, the HR functions of an organization has evolved into a more central strategic role. Nowadays, the change in IR landscape has led to a rise in the attention paid to HRM. With consumer focusing more on the service provided rather than the physical merchandised goods, the demand for a well-functioned HRM has largely increased. HRM is no longer a function performed by HR supervisors but is also seen as a competitive advantage of the organization to achieve its long-term objectives and goals. To a greater extent, this essay will define and compare HRM and SHRM, investigating the hard and soft approaches to HRM. The limitations and criticisms of various HRM models will also be covered in the later paragraph. Lastly, two external environment factors in which organizations are facing nowadays are identified with a research on how the strategic approach to HRM is contributing to their ability to respond to such changes. Human Resources Management (HRM) is defined as the policies, practices and systems established by an organization that shape employees behaviour, attitudes as well as performance towards their job (DeCieri Kramar, 2005). It focuses mainly on managing the productive use of people of the organization in order to achieve its strategic objectives and at the same time upholding a healthy employer-employee relationship to satisfy the individual employees needs (Stone, 2005:4). Before investigating the two models of Human Resources Management (HRM) and Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM), one should take into considerations that the assumptions underpinning the HRM: the unitarist approach assuming a partnership between the employers and employees on a set of common interest with a mutual commitment to achieve the proposed objectives; and the pluralist approach in which the relationship between the two parties is assumed to have to inevitably go through a conflict of interest and th at negotiations are crucial in resolving the problem (Kane, 1996). Ever since the early 20th century, HRM is seen as merely a personnel function carrying out the day-to-day administrative business of an organization, such as the promotion of employee welfare. While HRM further evolved in the later years, HRM started to turn into a professional approach where specialists are employed to conduct the HR-related task of the organization, including recruitment, training and welfare activities (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). Another perspective of HRM, the resource-based view started to gain popularity in the late 1990s, advocating HR as a valuable resource capable of contributing to the sustained competitive advantage of the organization. In other words, facilitating the development of a company-specific and unique competencies would help sustain the competitive advantage of an organization, and in this case it will be the people (Brewster, Carey, Grobler et. al., 2008). Around the sa me period of time, SHRM also came into being in which it is viewed as more of a macro perspective of the strategic approach in managing employees as a result of the integration of the early personnel management and industrial relations as well as HRM (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). While going into details the definitions and development of HRM, the Harvard model is also useful in showing that HRM theories are way broader than simply a personnel function. It consists of five main factors supporting the central principle of the utilization of employees to ensure the achievement of an organizations desired goals, namely the stakeholder interest, situational factors, HRM policy choice, HR outcome and long-term consequences (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). It is well accepted that dramatic changes that took place in the past decades have created new challenges for HR professionals, forcing them to evolve and enhance their role as a purpose to address these challenges (Brewster, Carey, Grobler et. al., 2008). Instead of limiting the HR department to certain administrative roles, organizations began to line them up with the business managers, in which both parties work together to create a strategic partnership. Such process is what we call the SHRM. According to DeCieri and Kramar, SHRM is known as a pattern of planned HR developments and activities intended to enable an organization to achieve its goals (DeCieri Kramar, 2005). One might find it difficult to distinguish between HRM and SHRM. Strategic Human Resources Management stresses the importance of the establishment of HR plan and strategies in order to fulfill an organizations long-term objectives. It is seen as more of a practical model that encourage organization to plain in t he long run, taking potential changes from all other aspects such as the society, economic condition, technology enhancement, industrial relations, etc. into account (Dessler, Griffiths Lloyd-Walker, 2007). Human resources is valued as a source of competitive advantage to certain organizations. Comparing to HRM, SHRM is claimed to be a model that requires more interpretations and well-rounded planning to ensure the most desirable outcomes to suit best with the organizations business plans (Dessler, Griffiths Lloyd-Walker, 2007). With the two theoretical concepts of HRM and SHRM defined and compared, we can now go into investigating another two important approaches to HRM: the hard HR and the soft HR approaches. With reference to Druker, White, Hegewisch and Mayne, the hard approach places the main focus on the strategic business objectives of an organization, treating HR as a resource in achieving its competitive advantage (Druker, White, Hegewisch Mayne, 1996). The soft approach, on the other hand, emphasizes more on the communication, consultation, counseling and support elements within the relationship between the employers and employees (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). While both approaches have validity to particular industries and organizations and is argues that a hard approach must be corresponded with a soft approached to achieve the most desirable outcome (Kaye, 1999), it is said that HRM is more likely to lie towards the hard approach and thus the SHRM better matching the key principle of the s oft approach. Nowadays, in the rapidly growing society where globalization has become the most common issue for most countries, organizations are no longer able to neglect the outside force. Changes have taken place within the organization and so as the role of the HR professionals. Taking various external factors into account, very few organizations can continue with their same old HR policies and practices and therefore, new strategies are to be re-designed. In other words, a lot of adjustments in regards to an organizations HRM plans will have to be made in order to respond to such changes (Brewster, Carey, Grobler et. al., 2008). External factors facilitate the values, attitudes and behaviour of an employee at work and it can be classified into three categories: global, national and industrial (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). Taking the Global Financial Crisis as an example, we will look into the impact it has on HR planning as well as how the HR professionals of an organization is evolving in for the respond to the change. The financial crisis was first triggered by the liquidity shortfall of the US banking system in 2007 and has resulted in the collapse of a number of large financial organizations (Holy See Review, 2010). It is well accepted that such huge issue is affecting almost every single organizations around the world, regardless of their size. It is obvious to organizations that increasing competitive advantages is the only choice for them to better equipped themselves so as to strength their market value and survive through the unstable fluctuating economy. Since it is mentioned in the previous p aragraphs that HR is seen as one of the competitive advantage of organizations, it is not playing a very crucial role under such circumstance. While a number of organizations might choose to be more preservative by cutting down on their staff members as a cost-reducing strategy, with the SHRM model, HR practitioners will instead be focusing more on modifying the HR strategies to address the situation. For instance, by re-designing the HR strategies as well as carrying out a work-life balance policy, the organization would be able to survive through the hard times of the crisis with its employees, eventually promoting employees productivity and loyalty to the organization and thus, reducing absenteeism and the staff turnover of the organization (Schmidt-Hebbel, 2008). Another relevant external environment factor faced by organizations recently is the demographic change of the workforce resulted from an ageing population. As a result of the declining fertility rate, a rising life expectancies as well as the increased migration level, the median age of the populations is proven to be going up very rapidly (Murray Syed, 2005). Though older employees are generally more experienced and therefore more productive than the younger ones, to a greater extent, they tend to suffer more from physical illness and disability, contributing to a higher level of absenteeism. Also, comparing to the younger employees off the organization, it is always harder for older employees to be innovative and adapt to the changing environment as soon as it takes place (Murray Syed, 2005). However, if one does accept that the older workforce are generally more loyal to the organization and that their views and experiences are valuable, diversity management is very much require d to be carried out by the HR professionals. Diversity management is defined as a process of managing peoples similarities and differences at work (DeCieri Kramar, 2005). A number of policies with respect to diversity management can be introduced in order to address the issue. For example, trainings such as computer course can be provided for older employees to help them in adapting to the new working environment. Welfare like long service leave can also be promoted to specially address the older employees of the organization. While HRM is seen as a valuable competitive advantage of organizations, some might argue that there is also a drawback associated with the concept. HRM is sometimes avoided because it is way too complex and time-consuming to organizations (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). For an effective HR plan to be carried out, a large sum of money and resources are to be contributed. A fully functioned data-base system is required to store the details with respect to the employment relationship such as their positions, trainings and developments and this can be rather complicated to set up without the adequate support from HR specialists (Kane, 1996). Various conflicts of interests are certain to come along when planning and conducting the HR strategies that even the top management of an organization might find it worthless to invest in (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). In conclusion, the concepts of both HRM and SHRM have been discussed. While HRM is defined as policies and systems established by an organization in the focus of an effective utilization of its people to achieve to desired objectives, SHRM is known a pattern of HR developments enabling an organization to reach its goals overtime. A number of theoretical concepts including the unitarist and pluralist approaches, the resource based view of HRM as well as the hard and soft approaches are referenced in the purpose of further explaining the concepts and distinguishing between HRM and SHRM. Two external environmental circumstances, namely the global financial crisis and the ageing workforce are identified in which an organizations strategies in addressing such changes is explored. Last but not least, the criticisms and limitations associated with HRM, such as its complexity and the costly process of setting up the HR data-base system are also taken into account so as to give a thorough und erstanding of the entire concept.

The Eclectic And Reflective Nature

The Eclectic And Reflective Nature The outline of the case including factors in connection with history, presentation and the need for a revised therapeutic approach in many ways mirrors the clinical case evaluation detailed by Sherry (2006) in the application of an Attachment Theory Approach to the Short-Term Treatment of A Woman With Borderline Personality Disorder and Comorbid Diagnoses. This study highlights the difficult support/treatment pathway of borderline personality disorder (BPD) which stems from the comorbidity with other diagnoses including severe depression, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (Zimmerman Mattia, 1999) and harmful misuse of alcohol and other substances (Trull et al, 2000) which are all clearly present in Ruths life. The symptoms typically identified with these disorders are often challenging to mental health practitioners and there appears to be a groundswell of opinion that suggests the disorder is largely untreatable because they are entrenched within the personality and coping mechanisms of the individual. (Raven. 2009) As is common with many people who experience severe mental distress, Ruth has been unable to respond to the demands of the workplace and therefore financial insecurity is likely to be a significant factor for her and also in shaping the life options and experiences of her daughter, Megan. Gould (2006) identifies some of the most pertinent and enduring difficulties that contribute to child poverty in situations where parents have poor mental health and details the difficulties of securing employment (just 24% of people with long term mental health issues in employment), the typically low level of remuneration for people in this category and inflexible nature of moving from benefit claimant through into employment as limiting factors in increasing the life chances of children and young people in this kind of situation. To support this claim the more general findings of Tunnard (2004) are highlighted which link parental ill health problems and family poverty and indicate that 50% of dis abled people have incomes below half the national average, this rises to 60% for disabled adults with children (Gould 2006). Speculation in this report suggests that the figures would be worse in families where one or more parents experience significant and enduring mental problems. Therefore it is reasonable to presume in the case of Ruth and Megan that their level of income is and will remain at a low level without some significant lifestyle changes. Specific links between financial hardship and mental health are taken from an unpublished paper by Social Exclusion Unit in 2004 detailing the impact of poverty on mental ill health, the difficulty people experience had in accessing financial advice /services, disproportionate dependence on state benefits, fluctuating incomes determined by health status and the challenge of securing the right level if benefit/personal finance. General findings about the impact on family poverty are also relevant in the case of Ruth and Megan and it is a factor that is very likely to add to the symptomology common to people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Furthermore, as benefits and social care resources are constrained against a backdrop of central governments drive to put people back into work, Spencer and Baldwin (2007) argue that many parents in the UK are expected to bring up their families in the context of unreasonably scarce resources. Therefore, practitioners need to take into account Ruth and Megans social and economic factors when assessing their individual needs, risk and in determining a therapeutic pathway for this family. As might be expected, given these negative financial, health and well-being determinants social exclusion is a likely to be a factor that needs to be overcome if an holistic, person-centred approach is to be adopted in supporting this family. Developing strategies to overcome the destructive behaviours that Ruth has developed as her personal coping from mechanisms is a key factor in addressing the wider concern of her and Megans social exclusion and isolation. Megans current situation, which is one of compromised opportunity, a limited social life, burdensome responsibilities, isolation, scarce personal resources and a lack of attention to her own needs, represents the situation of many carers in the UK, especially so those who have or have had responsibilities as a young carer. . Research by Aldridge and Becker, (1999, p.306) suggests that children who provide caring support to parents with mental illness will be more susceptible to increased levels of anxiety, depression, fear, change in behavioural and social patterns as well as being more at risk of transmission of the particular parental condition. As caring moves through into adulthood the future tends to remain bleak and research from the Health and Social Care Information Centre (2010) reports increased evidence of poor health, low income and a general sense of hopelessness for carers in the light of on-going cuts to social care budgets. The prospect for any significant improvement is equally depressing. In considering the details of this case the eclectic and reflective nature of social work is an approach that seems suitable for the complexities supporting people with mental ill health, particularly the ever changing presentations of people who have a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. Payne (2009, p.100) describes the usefulness of these approaches in case work highlighting how practitioners can adopt and use theories together, perhaps all at once or perhaps successively or use different theories in different cases. Because this method requires significant skill and discernment Payne cites Epstein (1992) who suggests that flexible team approaches to reflection, debate and application offer a useful way forward to the delivery of flexible moment to moment practice in response to complex cases. Payne (2009) identifies systems theory as being an important aspect of eclecticism. Pincus and Minahan (1973) applied the approach to social work practice and describe three types of system these being informal or natural (friends/family), formal (community groups, etc.) and societal systems (hospital/schools, etc.). People with mental health problems are likely to have some difficulty in using helping systems to improve their health, life experiences and general well-being. Applying systems theory involves identifying the point, and problems individuals experience in the interactions with their environment. The phases of this include assessing; making/negotiating contracts; forming/coordinating actions; re-forming and influencing action systems; terminating change efforts. Payne (2005) extends the application of this approach and makes clear links to ecological systems theory, crisis theory/models and task centred working. The application of these, particularly crisis intervention, could work in connection with Ruths current difficulties and potentially offers short term bridge toward longer term therapeutic work. However in adopting this approach it is wort h considering the caution raised by Doel (2009) and he notes that if done poorly than crisis/task centred work can become inflexible, routine and possibility lead to some level of social control. Doel suggests using these methods should be accompanied by training that considers factors such as values, attitudes and their application in practice. Sherry (2007) identifies the increasing consideration and application of attachment theory (Bowlby 1973) in the causation of borderline personality disorder and cites numerous influences as threats to attachment in childhood. Risk factors in this regard include sexual traumas (Laporte Guttman, 1996), parental neglect (Paris, 1997, 1998), family instability and emotional neglect all of which are considered to contribute to the development of personality styles in adult life. For practitioners, the reasoning of Ivey 1989 who suggested extreme behaviour by clients could be linked to their development history and the way they respond and bring meaning to their experiences in later life. Therefore poor parenting experienced by Ruth could have been instrumental part in the development of behaviours that for her now carry the label of borderline personality disorder (West Sheldon-Keller (1994). Therefore the gathering of information in assessment processes can be a crucial factor in worki ng out the style and content of social work intervention. In considering the pathways of someone who experiences significant mental health issues it is clear that from many perspectives that society perceptions, life opportunities and thereby individual well-being are compromised in many areas of life. The fight for a more balanced and supportive approach to mental health has been carried by the service user/survivor movement for many years and the need for reform has led to many campaigns. It is easy to understand the need secure better treatment and push through system reforms given oppression, rejection and widespread ignorance that characterises the history of mental health in the UK. Ferguson (2008) highlights how the now accepted position of the survivor movements pushing for greater recognition of the plight of people with mental health issues came from the enduring effects of stigma, powerlessness, inequality and segregation which have been utilised to push governmental thinking and maintain mental health, well-being and social care as political issues. The fight for improved rights and opportunity among the survivor movement only really gathered pace in the 1970s (Campbell 1996) (Beresford, 1997) and in the early stages tended to focus on small scale self-help and mutual support initiatives. More recently there has been greater, towards collective national campaigns concerning treatment, responding the revisions of the mental health legislation and broader struggles to change attitudes and understandings of madness and distress. This has been key to shifting the stigma of mental health and clearly it is something that needs to continue. General concerns expressed by Campbell (2005) link well to Ruths situation and the pressing structural concerns that tend to bring of poverty, lack of opportunity, isolation, boredom, hopelessness and therefore a continuing commitment to state imposed legal and medical restrictions are clearly relevant to the case study. Evidence of the negative impact of mental ill health can be found in the health inequalities highlighted in research carried out for the Disability Rights Commission in 2006 which showed that people with severe mental illness are at higher risk of ill health across a number of conditions. Their report Equal Treatment: Closing the Gap highlighted increased incidence of clinical obesity, coronary heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure among people with severe mental health issues. It also noted higher risks in connection with people developing high blood pressure, stroke, respiratory problems and bowel and breast cancer. They are also more likely to smoke. Althou gh the reasons for this inequality are complex and have far reaching implications for public health policy makers, the consequence remains that people who experience long-term mental ill health die on average 5 to 10 years younger than other people, often from preventable illnesses. The response to this research and the continued focus on issues of inequality, injustice and stigma by organisations such as Rethink Mental Illness is yielded some significant results with increased focus on physical health being pursued within community mental health teams, increased focus on talking therapies and Mental Health (Discrimination) Bill moving through to the House of Lords for further debate. (Rethink, 2012) However it is increasingly apparent that people with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder are subject to a specific type of stigma and discrimination that impacts on the relationships that are key to achieving to achieving some level of stability in their lives, these being the therapeutic links with practitioners within community mental health services. Ruths condition unfortunately fits in with the perception held amongst professionals that it is almost or completely untreatable. Personality disordered patients are often described as the patient physiatrists dislike and are often viewed as time wasting, difficult, attention seeking, and manipulative bed blockers. (Hadden Haigh, 2002). Having previously highlighted the significance of person-centred theory and approaches in developing therapeutic alliances, it is supremely that discrimination within helping professions can be raised so easily as central limiting factor. Markham (2003) highlights multiple differences in th e reactions of professional staff towards people who have a diagnosis of BPD. The suggestion is that the label leads to increased social rejection, deceased optimism and adoption of stereo typical attitudes by staff therefore creating risk of less favourable and thereby effective treatment as compared to other groups of people with severe and enduring mental health issues. As might be expected, the research draws heavily on labelling theory: The negative service user experience detailed by Wright Jones (2012) in typifies Ruths historical therapeutic pathway and include direct quotes that are clearly relevant: Rightly or wrongly, I interpreted the label as a sign that I was fundamentally flawed, that the bad parts of me far outweighed any good attributes that might also be part of my personality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and being told that I had a personality disorder and that there was no cure or treatment. The inference was that I was just made this way and that was the end of it. The article also highlights the findings of Pilgrim (2001) who suggest that poor responses to personality disorder occur because causes are not known and that treatment outcomes are often unpredictable and unreliable. In considering this kind of evidence, it is easy to understand Ruths resignation following another A E admission which in her mind will bring about yet another dissatisfying cycle therapeutic hopelessness with little chance of any success. (should this paragraph be justified or left centred?) The situation raised in the case study typifies many of the negative issues associated with the support that people with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder receive: dismissive attitudes, inconsistent approaches and authoritarian approaches seem to be consistent themes and are obviously not changing the nature and outcomes of therapeutic interventions. While it might be difficult at this stage, it seems important for Ruth to take some responsibility possibly self-managing some degree of the presenting risk which is consistent with the guidance provided by Wright and Jones (2012) and is also in line with best practice as detailed in the NICE guidance (2009). This should be clearly stated within the care plan. Mead and Copland (2000) suggest that people are able to grow through positive risks taking and that empowerment through person centred support can reframe typical service user response to difficult, crisis situations. Practically this can be supported through clear and effective care planning and this should be built into an individuals treatment and crisis plan. Ruth, along with her care coordinator, should carefully consider strategies to manage acute and chronic risks developing and incorporating these in the care plan as appropriate. This will ensure consistency when the care coordinator is absent, ensuring that Ruths care and support follows boundaries and consistency agreed with her and thereby ensuring she is treated with dignity, respect and compassion. Although risk to self which Sherry (2007) clearly links to the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder must be responded to in the context of community mental health services, admission to psychiatric inpatient unit should only take place as a last resort and the least restrictive options should be pursued. The stepped care model offers a useful statutory response and if risks remain elevated then Ruth should be considered firstly for the high intensity team then a referral crisis resolution and home treatment team, notwithstanding any negativity that may surround her historical presentations. If possible extra support from care coordinator would be the ideal solution, as this would utilise the therapeutic relationship in place to support and guide Ruth through her crisis. In consistently challenging situations Ruths care coordinator could also explore with Ruth and Megan a self-directed support (SDS) package. This package could support with activities of her choice and it is po ssible for this to be used for Ruth to explore and access some community resources therefore building social networks for Ruth and relieving Megan of some of the pressure of her carers role. Hatton and Waters (2011) identify the relative success of SDS/personalisation in connection with people experiencing mental health issues and this is at its most beneficial when individuals pursue direct payments and secure support on their own terms. Whichever option in terms of on-going support is chosen then it seems that there is need for a more collaborative, shared approach both in connection with risk and also around longer-term support strategies. The work and theories of Rogers (1956, 1957) define the core conditions of counselling including unconditional positive regard (UPR), empathy and congruence for therapeutic relationships to succeed particularly so in the context of personality change. It is important to note that this is a value based approach and faith that the person can shape their own positive future if the condition highlighted above can be provided. It is not a set of tools and techniques that can be turned on and off to suit practitioner needs at a given time or opportunity. It links well to considerations around motivational approaches and Ruths and Megans desire to move on is a good indicator in this regard. Fundamentally, by adopting humanistic approaches, the aim is to develop a pattern of interaction and support which keeps Ruth centrally involved in the nature and shape of the therapeutic relationship which will naturally involve key decisions about, risk, treatment options, care planning and goal planning. Clearly this type of interaction is difficult to outline to all involved professionals but careful entries and assessment within electronic records can help significantly in modifying the responses all statutory workers who may encounter Ruth in the professional work. If this person-centred approach is adopted then it will represent a significant shift in the care and support Ruth has received in her short psychiatric career.

Reader Response to A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, By Hemingway :: A Clean Well-Lighted Place Essays

Reader Response to A Clean, Well-Lighted Place In 1933, Ernest Hemmingway wrote A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. It's a story of two waiters working late one night in a cafe. Their last customer, a lonely old man getting drunk, is their last customer. The younger waiter wishes the customer would leave while the other waiter is indifferent because he isn't in so much of a hurry. I had a definite, differentiated response to this piece of literature because in my occupation I can relate to both cafe workers. Hemmingway's somber tale is about conquering late night loneliness in a bright cafe. The customer drinking brandy suffers from it and so does the older waiter. However, the younger waiter cannot understand loneliness because he probably hasn't been very lonely in his life. He mentions a couple times throughout the story that he wished to be able to go home to his wife, yet the old man and old waiter have no wives to go home to like he does. This story have a deeper meaning to me because I often am in a similar situation at work. For a little over three years, I've been a weekend bartender at an American Legion Club. I almost always work the entire weekends, open to close, which proves to be a tortorous schedule at times. Like the cafe in Hemmingway's tale, the Legion is a civilized place, often well lit, and quieter than most clubs. Because members have to either have served in the military during wartime or have a relative that did, the patronage is often older and more respectful than an average barroom. And because most members are older, they may not have a family to go home to, or they may be just a little more dismal because their lives have been longer and harder than most. In many ways, they are very much like the old man sipping brandy while hiding in the shadows of the leaves in Hemmingway's cafe. And in many ways, I am like the young waiter, anxious to leave. The young waiter seems selfish and inconsiderate of anyone else. In the beginning of the story, he's confused why the old man tried to kill himself. "He has plenty of money," he says, as if that's the only thing anyone needs for happiness. When the old man orders another drink, the younger waiter warns him that he'll get drunk, as if to waver his own responsibility rather than to warn the old man for his sake.

Hamlet: The Dog Will Have His Day :: essays research papers

"The Dog will have his Day" When fear overcomes individuals, it acts like a "poison"; it paralyses them, which forces them to escape. In the play, Hamlet, Shakespeare reveals how it is human nature for people to run and hide from a quandary. Hamlet being burdened with the sins of Denmark tries to find a proper escape that will not force him to take decisive action. To Shakespeare the desire for escape is an unpredictable one. Eventually fate has its way; a person can try to avoid it but it will eventually devour you. All too often when the jaws of fate open, people set up complications to stumble over so they don't have to face the belly of the beast. This allows them to start fabricating excuses for their apparent lack of action. Ostensibly, Hamlet "seems" to be a man of power and heart. Yet under all the ranks and nobility, he is nothing more than a coward that can not accept the idea of his fate. When Hamlet is given the role of vigilante he "swears" that he is man enough for the job. However when Hamlet does not kill Claudius outright, he begins to lose his vigor. The prince suspiciously admits that he is "mad" and uses it as an excuse to keep prolonging the inevitable fate that he must face. By toppling over this hurdle, Hamlet tries to find reasons why he does not have the tenacity for revenge. Running from the jaws of fate, Hamlet continually defies his solemn oath to his father. Even though a person tries to avoid the beast, they don't understand that it dominates their life. It is in places where they would least expect it. In Hamlet's case this problem is something that he can not just simply avoid; not only does it dominate his life but it starts to take over his conscious state like a "poison". He is constantly reminded of the molestation that his incestuous uncle has just inflicted on Denmark. For a sinful King is the same as a sinful country and someone must save the nation's people from those transgressions. Yet Hamlet does not want to acknowledge that he is the savior. Nevertheless fate continually shows Hamlet through coincidental instances that he must do what he "swore" to do. While in the Church, Hamlet looks over while in the confession box and sees Claudius confessing his sins to God.

Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers fc

Thesis It is more reasonable to utilize the death penalty than to abolish it. The death penalty should not be abolished because (1) it deters people from committing murder and (2) because the death penalty gives peace of mind to the victims and their families and puts an end to the crime.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arguments for the thesis (1) The death penalty should not be abolished because the fear of the highest form of punishment will keep potential victims alive. (2) The death penalty should not be abolished because the families of the victims can only begin the healing process once the murderer is put to death. Response to objections to the thesis (1) Objection: The death penalty should be abolished because even the highest form of punishment will not remove the evil from society. Response: If the death penalty was abolished, the convicted murderer has the potential to escape and kill again. This will spread more evil and give the option to kill again to the murderer. (2) Objection: The execution of a convicted murderer will never bring the victims back to life. Therefore it serves no purpose other than to kill.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Response: Resurrection has never been the purpose of the death penalty. The family members just want to start healing and they can’t while the perpetrator is still alive. Bibliography Van der Haag, Ernest and John P. Conrad, The Death Penalty: A Debate (New York: Plenum Press, 1983). Arlen Specter, â€Å"Congress must make Death Sentences Meaningful Again† (Human Events, July 1994). Hugo, Adam Bedau, Ed., The Death penalty in America: Current Controversies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997) Blumstein, Cohen, Nagin, Deterrence and Incapacitation (National Academy Press January 1978) It is more reasonable to utilize the death penalty than to abolish it. The death penalty should not be abolished because (1) it deters people from committing murder and (2) because the death penalty gives peace of mind to the victims and their families and puts an end to the crime. The death penalty deters some people from committing heinous crimes and thereby also saves human lives. Not everyone will be deterred from committing heinous crimes because of the death penalty. However, since the death penalty is the highest penalty for crimes it will obviously evoke the most fear in a human being. This fear will save... ...rt the healing process. If a state governed by law is to be able to show warmth, compassion and peace of mind to victims and their families, then the death penalty is the most effective way to bring this about. The argument to the above is that the death penalty does not bring back any victim to life, therefore, unnecessary. Just because someone has taken a life, it doesn’t mean that the convict’s life should also be taken. Is it fair to take a bad situation and make it worse? The death penalty will never sweep away the emotions and feelings of grief that the relatives and friends feel. Murdering the convicted murder would only cause more grief for his family, therefore, over time, grieving would become commonplace. Resurrection has never been the purpose of the death penalty. It is understood that the death penalty will not totally take away the emotions and feelings of the relatives, however the death penalty will ease those pains. The grief and despair would be considerably heavier to carry if the relatives knew that the perpetrator was only sentenced to prison and would be released after a period of time. Therefore, I feel that the death penalty will never become unnecessary.

Example Essay for Primary Research

OUTLINE I. Introduction * Definition of young adults: Take responsibilities for their own action (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983) * Young adults should live with their parents. II. Body 1. Save money * Affected by economic crises: Number of youth unemployment (Barnes, 2012) * Save the daily expenses ( Vander Zanden, 1997) 2. Close relationship among family members * Parents: + Support emotion (Philip, 1998) + Take care of each other (Logan & Spitze, 1996) * Siblings: + Share every day routines (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983) + Confide each other (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983) . Reduce bad effects for personal development * Evidences: + Unexpected pregnancy (Philip, 1998) + Less successful marriages and work lives (Berk, 1998) + Increased depression (Rosenfeld, 2010) * Role of family: Safety net (Berk, 1998). 4. Counterargument and refutation: * Counterargument: Young adults will gain experience when they leave home * Refutation: + Parent’s opinions are better than peer’s opinion (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983) + Important role of social support from parents (Philip, 1998) + Free to go out to get experience because of democracy parents (Turner & Helms, 1989) III.Conclusion Young adults should remain to co-reside with their parents because of the lack of advices, financial and emotional support from their family (Berk, 1998). Young generations play an importance role for the future generation in their country. The government always gives priority to these generations including children, adolescents, and young adults. However, young adults acknowledged to have rights to take responsibilities for their own action (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983) possess the best for developing the country.Whether early adults should live at home with their parents or leave their parental home is still controversial. In our opinion, early adults should co-reside with their parents for several reasons. The first reason why early adults should live wit h their family is that they have an opportunity to save money. Economic circumstances present many challenges for young adults because most usually graduate from high school, they find a place in college and start a job (Crandell, T. L, Crandell, C. H & Vander Zanden, 2009).Besides, economic crises have led unemployment for â€Å"75 million† young people between the ages of 15 to 24 years old (Barnes, 2012). Due to the low starting salaries, many young adults struggle to pay their daily expenses (Vander Zanden, 1997). Furthermore, according to Hartley (1993), in Australia, 45% of surveyed people said the main reason for returning home in the first time is financial problems. Secondly, early adults who do not make a residential transition have a closer relationship with family members than those leaving home do.Beside financial support, children will receive love and moral support from their parents (Philip, 1998). Parents, moreover, are willing to provide guidance for their c hildren that help them make better choices and decisions. As a result, the relationship between parents and children is more valuable than young adults and peers (Logan & Spitze, 1996). In addition, the siblings are typically the first peer group in both childhood and adulthood. Young adults living at home benefit from sharing every day routines ith their siblings like joining he meal, splitting dress or taking care of one another, especially, when they are ill (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983, p. 231). Furthermore, when young adults cope with problems to express themselves with their parents, teachers and social peers, the siblings are likely to be appropriated people to confide (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983). Thirdly, early adults living at home will reduce bad effects on personal development. Young people are likely to become self-indulgent including the temptation of drugs and alcohol when there is no parental supervision.According to Philip (1998), negative economic and social effects leading to a great number of dangers as â€Å"teen-aged motherhood† are the results of leaving home at very early young age (p. 557). In addition, detaching themselves from their net at young age make early adults hard to succeed in marriage and work (White as cited in Berk, 1998). Nevertheless, young adults presume that the goal of leaving home is to have an independent life, which makes them easily anxious and depressed (Olds & Schwartz as cited in Rosenfeld, 2010). Bruch et al. Cheek & Busch (as cited in Berk, 1998) said that â€Å"socially anxious people report more loneliness† (p. 461). Therefore, the family is the best address to release stress and decrease social dangers for early adults because â€Å"the parental home serves as a safety net and base of operation for launching adult life† (Berk, 1998, p. 463). The opponents of co-residence with parents say that young adults will get experience when leaving home. However, gaining experience does not depend on who they live with and young adults can get valuable experiences while living with their parents.In fact, peer’s advices are not always as reliable and effective as parents’ in some cases (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983). Moreover, the necessity of social support from their parents for the maturity of young adults was the conclusion of a study of 175 18 and 19-year-old college students (Philip, 1998). According to Turner and Helms (1989), 83% of the adolescents have â€Å"democratic parents† (p. 288) because they still have the freedom to participate in social activities and do part-time jobs to broaden knowledge when living at home.Additionally, they also can help their parents with household chores, which narrows the generation gap and helps them learn essential skills for an independent life later. In conclusion, due to the current economic crises and dramatic changes in society, especially the increase of social dangers, young adults sh ould live in their parental home to avoid harmful influences on themselves and their family as well. By contrast, young adults who decide to leave home at an early age may face difficulties for a long time because of the lack of advices, financial and emotional support from their parents (Berk, 1998). Words: 769REFERENCES Barnes, H. (2012). Global Youth unemployment: Making sense of the numbers. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-19745115. Berk, L. E. (1998). Development through the lifespan. The USA: A Viacom Company. Crandell, T. L. , Crandell, C. H. , Vander Zanden, J. W. (2009). Human Development. (9th ed. ). New York: The McGraw-Hill Company. F. Philip Rice. (1998). Human Development. (3rd ed. ). The USA: A Viacom company. Hartley, R. (1993). Young Adults living at home. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Reproduced from FAMILY MATTERS no. 36 December 1993, pp. 35-37. Retrieved from http://www. ifs. gov. au/institute/pubs/fm1/fm36rh1. html. Loga n, J. R. , Spitze, G. D. (1996). Family Ties: Enduring Relations between Parents and Their Grown Children. The USA: Temple University. Newman, B. M. , Newman, P. R. (1983). Understanding Adulthood. The USA: CBS College Publishing. Rosenfeld, M. J. (2010). The Independence of Young Adults, in Historical Perspective. Journal of Family Therapy Magazine, 9 (3), 17-19. Turner, J. F. , Helms, D. B. (1989). Contemporary Adulthood. (4th, ed. )The USA: Saunders College Publishing Vander Zanden, J. W. (1997). Human Development. (6th ed. ). The USA: The McGraw-Hill Company. .

Consequences Of Oil Spill Disasters Environmental Sciences Essay

On March 24, 1984 the oil oiler Exxon Valdez entered Prince William Sound which is on the manner towards California. Due to the conditions and unnatural sea conditions, the ship ran aground and began sloping oil. Within a fraction of second an environmental incubus began that changed non merely the Prince William Sound but the universe. Within a short period of clip a sum of 11,000,000 gallons of Alaska North Scope petroleum oil leaked into environment from the ruptured hull of the ship. Within a month the petroleum oil had been driven along a way stretching about 750km to the sou'-west. The killing procedure took 3 old ages and the cost was over 2.1billion ( usd ) . The decease toll in footings of wildlife in the sea was reeling and the full impact may ne'er be known. The Exxon Mobil Corporation or Exxon Mobil, is an American transnational oil and gas corporation. Exxon Mobil is one of the largest publically traded companies in the worldhaving been high ranked. Over the last 125 old ages Exxon mobil has evolved from a regional seller of kerosine in the United States to the largest publically traded crude oil and petrochemical endeavor in the universe. Today Exxon Mobil is best known by their familiar trade names and names such as Exxon, Esso and Mobil. They are doing merchandise that drive modern transit, power metropoliss, lubricate industry and provides petrochemical edifice blocks that lead to thousand of consumer goods. Vision – Progress in energy efficiency across planetary refinement and chemical operations by 10 % between the twelvemonth 2002 and 2012. The refinement and chemical concerns are in charge for make their vision to come alive. Under the counsel of the presidents of refinement and chemical, site operations direction implements facility-level energy strength betterments. Exxon mobil ‘s Corporate safety, security, wellness, and environment Department collects informations sing the advancement from the concern and make presentation one-year footing to the Management Committee and the Public Issues and Contributions Committee of the board reappraisal and treatments. As one of the universe ‘s largest publically traded integrated energy company, Exxon Mobil ‘s premier duty is to place, develop, and safely present dependable supplies which in energy signifier to people around the universe while supplying a return for their stockholders. To accomplish their purposes and vision, Exxon has its ain aims. Economic development Exxon looks frontward to make a long term economic and societal benefits from their undertaking and presence. To keep smooth gross flows Exxon Mobil employ a assortment of incentive plans and economic support which aid cut down barriers for development. This besides guarantee to better local substructure, create occupations, enhance instruction and drive economic activity faster. Safety, wellness and the workplace Exxon mobil give more precedence to protects the safety of their employees, contractors, clients and the populace. They ever try to keep their nucleus value which is safety, security and wellness. They besides encourage employee development and a positive ambiance. Environmental public presentation While stressing safety, wellness and workplace, Exxon mobil besides conveying along their concern in mode protects the environment. They integrate ecological considerations during the development of a undertaking.Oil refinery industrial procedure and operationCrude oil is the get downing point of doing crude oil fuels, lubricators, medical equipment, electronics and so many things. These rough oil is taken from under the land or deep ocean. The rough oil comes from deep resistance where the remains of the workss and animate beings from 1000000s of old ages ago have been heated and pressured over clip. By and large the petroleum oil is blackish in coloring material. There are many types of petroleum oil.The refinement procedureOnce the petroleum oil has been discovered, it drilled and brought to the Earth ‘s surface. Than it transported to a refinery by grapevine or ship. At the refinery, it is converted into consumer and industrial merchandises. There are 3 major refinery proce dure behavior by Exxon mobil to alter rough oil into finished merchandises.SeparationIs the first measure to divide the petroleum oil into its of course happening constituents. The procedure call distillment where using heat is carried out to carry through the separation procedure. Separation performed in a series of distillment towers, with the bottom merchandise from each tower feeding the following. The hottest point of the distillment tower can make every bit much as 400 degree Celsius. Merchandises from the distillment tower scope from gases at the top to really heavy, syrupy liquids at the underside. In all instances, these merchandise watercourses are still considered unfinished and necessitate farther processing to go utile merchandises.DISTILLATION PROCESSConversionDistillation seperates the petroleum oil into unfinished merchandises. However the merchandises non of course exist in petroleum. In this phase, there is excessively small gasoline and excessively much of heavy oil left. So the transition procedure carried out to change over low valued heavy oil into high value gasoline. The transition procedure is so much of import in the oil refinery procedure. All merchandise in the refinery procedure stands in same edifice blocks which is C and hydrocarbon ironss. The longer the concatenation the heavier the merchandise will be. The procedure of change overing the heavier hydrocarbons into lighter hydrocarbons is the nucleus intent of the transition procedure.PurificationOnce the petroleum oil has through the procedure separation and transition, the resulting merchandises is ready for purification procedure. This procedure is fundamentally sulphur remotion procedure. This procedure is done by hy drotreating procedure, where convert heavy molecules into lighter 1s. Finally the modern refinery and petrochemical engineering can transform the petroleum oil into literally 1000s of usage full merchandises.Hazard that lead to oil spill catastrophe and pollutionThe tragic accident which happened in Alaska ‘s Prince William Sound is profoundly regretted by the company. The major hazard encountered by Exxon Valdez was go throughing through icebergs. The captain has ordered his 3rd mate to turn around the iceberg and handed him the wheels. He than replaced by another adult male. So the message was non sent to him. Miscommunication seems to play a major portion for this oil spill. The captain failed to supply a proper direction and orders to his 3rd mate due to damage of intoxicant. The direction besides plays a portion in making hazard which lead to the catastrophe. They failed to supply plenty work force for the captain. The U.S seashore guard besides failed to supply sufficien t information on vas traffic system. There besides much hazard may do oil spill but non the Valdez spill. Natural ooze besides can do oil spill. When the tectonic home bases shift place there are some oil escape from the militias trapped deep under the ocean. Natural ooze is besides addition due to human activity such as boring. The method choose to make full the well besides one of the hazard which lead to the spill. For illustration BP besides chose to lade the well with saltwater, instead than weighty boring clay. This procedure than go forthing the well vulnerable to an rush of oil and gas. A status that is non allowed for exploratory Wellss drilled in other topographic points, experts said. The company besides chose non to utilize automatic stoppers, devices put inside the pipe that besides can blockade oil and gas which lead to detonation. Oil remains a preferable energy beginning and increasing demand for this resource translates to an increasing demand to transport them where they are needed safely, quickly and at the cheapest cost. In this respect, grapevines remain a cost-efficient pick particularly for transporting at long distances on land. Consequently, building of these mega grapevine substructure undertakings will hold immediate important impacts on the environment in the event of a big release of hydrocarbons. It is necessary so that these undertakings be carefully assessed and managed to extenuate the inauspicious impacts of an oil spill incident. The companies involved in oil derive each have their ain informations. They are besides each responsible for operations. If informations non shared consequently, there will be opportunities of accident which may subsequently do oil spill. They should portion the informations otherwise and carried out the operation otherwise. Another the most common hazard that lead to oil spill is runoff from the land. Many land-based engines are running by crude oil fuel or crude oil based lubricators. All these substances are easy released, where roll uping on roads and in the land where eventually stop up in ocean. This happens due to miss of consciousness among us. These issues may do a serious pollution issue.Consequences of all the jeopardies of the spill catastropheThe 1989 Valdez incident was one of the lowest points in Exxon Mobil ‘s 125 twelvemonth history. The incident made Exxon Mobile took duty over the oil spill. As portion of the condemnable supplication understanding, the tribunal fined Exxon $ 150 million. They spent over $ 4.3 billion. The killing procedure required about 10,000 plus workers, 1,000 over boats and approximately 100 over aeroplanes and choppers. The all right which Exxon Mobile paid was the largest all right of all time for the environmental offense. This was the direct impact from the catastrophe. The spill had caused over $ 300 million injury particularly to economic wise more than 32 1000 people whose supports depended on commercial fishing. Oil spill hold a serious consequence on marine life every bit good. Oil spill cause dislocation of gas exchange. This ulterior lead to decease of plankton and fish. The petroleum oil besides poisoning animate beings. Marine life dies due to this grounds. Besides marine life birds besides affected by oil spill. Birds which have direct contact with oil affects its protective outer coat. It breaks down the insulating capacity of plumes and pelt and motion. Spending which allocated for touristry decreased by eight per centum in south cardinal Alaska and by 30 five per centum in south west Alaska in the twelvemonth after the spill. Deceased fishes and birds all get washed up on the shoreline and the oil slipperiness interferes in actions such as seafaring, swimming, fishing and touristry. The local touristry industry suffers the much because tourers are non acute in coming to a coastal country where they can non make the activities which listed above. There was a loss of around 9,000 visitants and $ 5.5 million in province disbursement. Industries that depend on clean saltwater for regular operations can besides impact because operations have to be stopped while the procedure of cleaning the H2O. Oil spill besides straight affects the economic system. Recreational athletics fishing had direct impact from Exxon Valdez oil spill. This loss was estimated based on the impacts of the oil spill.for the twelvemonth 1989, the doomed was estimated around $ 580million. The oil spill catastrophe is non a job which can be cleaned instantly. It leaves a long term effects to the environment. After 12 old ages from the spill, a study showed oil could still be found on half of the 91 indiscriminately selected beaches. For illustration, serious exposures for old ages after the spill to oil persisting in sedimentary safeties were proves from biomarkers in fish, sea otters, and sea ducks confidentially connected with deposits for egg laying or forage. These continual exposures improved mortality for old ages.Improvements and alterations in the directionAfter the awful incident, Exxon Mobil had doubled its long-time committedness to safeguard the environment, employees and runing communities over the worldwide. To forestall another catastrophe Exxon Mobil had modified its oiler paths. They planned consequently the paths. They even instituted drug and intoxicant testing plans for safety and sensitive issue. They had learned a lesson from the old catastrophe. Implementing more extended periodic appraisal of Exxon Mobil vass and installations seems another measure to forestall oil spill. They even applied new engineering to better vas pilotage and guarantee the unity of oil containment systems. Not merely Exxon Mobil but each and every direction involved in this field should fix some betterment to forestall oil spill. There are ; – Hazard appraisal – through a comprehensive hazard appraisal, can organize a solid scientific foundation for all their response programs. . It gives an indicant on where you can place your intercession steps and what equipment needs to be at that place to efficaciously pull off a spill incident. Environmental sensitivenesss – see the sensitivenesss in the country which may be potentially impacted in an oil spill. Pipeline response scheme – the grapevines are normally really long and it is non possible to mensurate spill sensor every kilometres. So should pattern sitting of response bases to react in an efficient and timely mode. Equipment types and measure – the quality of the equipment is really of import. Management should verify whether the equipment following the ISO criterion. Stakeholder direction – this is an unmarked critical component. A stakeholder is anyone who has an involvement in the undertaking and can act upon or impact the success of a undertaking. Management should see and understand their motivations and place